Words: 1509
The actual names of people are proper nouns. So are the names of states, streets, rivers, oceans, countries, companies, institutions, churches, and more. Common Noun/Proper Noun man/James woman/Julie Tate/California company/lbs., General Motors store/Newman Marcus restaurant/Applause’s mountains/Mckinley countries/learned, France, America Holidays: Christmas, New Year’s Day, Hanukkah, Thanksgiving Geographical areas: San Francisco, Europe, Spain, the Nile River People and pets: Mrs..
Caroline Jones, Rip Van Winkle, Snoopy Books, Newspapers, Magazines: Withering Heights, Atlanta Journal, Southern Living Companies and organizations: Google, Childhood International, General Electric Religious terms: Christian, Methodist, Hindu, God, Allah Places, buildings: Yellowstone National Park, Empire State Building, Ritz-Carlton Titles: President Bush, King George, Queen Elizabeth, Judge Judy (titles are not capitalized when they’re referred to in general terms. For example: The criminal Brand names: Coach, Pepsi, Lucky 3. Material Noun: It describes the matter or substance of which things are made.
Examples: Fish, Book, Sheep, Mutton etc. 4. Abstract Noun: Abstract nouns are the opposite of concrete nouns – nouns that refer to objects you can experience with your five senses. Abstract nouns are intangible. They can identify concepts, experiences, ideas, qualities, and feeling. Examples: Love, Anger, Hate, Peace, Loyalty, Integrity. 5. Collective Noun: Collective nouns denote a group of people, objects, ideas, or animals as a single concept. Though the collective noun refers to more than one in a group, the noun itself is considered a single thing.
Examples: Army, Audience, Band, Board, Cast, Class, Committee, Company, Crowd, Family, Faculty, Group, Jury, School, Society, Staff. Brood of chickens, colony of rabbits, Drove of cattle, flock of birds, Herd of buffalo, Litter of kittens, Nest of bees. 6. Countable Nouns: Nouns that we can count are called Countable Nouns. They can be made plurals usually. Examples: Goat, Bat, Ball, Bed, Chair etc. . Uncountable Nouns: These nouns cannot be counted. Examples: Water, Milk, Happiness, Sadness, Knowledge, Anger, Air etc. PRONOUN: A Pronoun is any word that takes the place of a Noun.
Types of Pronouns: There are following types of Pronoun. Personal Reflexive Emphatic Demonstrative Indefinite Relative Interrogative Distributive Reciprocal 1. Personal Pronoun: Pronouns that are linked with the persons I. E. 1st person, 2nd person or 3rd person. 2. Reflexive Pronouns: When the word self or selves is added with personal pronouns, it becomes Reflexive Myself, Ourselves, Yourself, Itself, Herself etc. I hit myself. The cat seated itself. 3. Emphatic/ Intensive Pronoun: When the word self is added with personal pronoun and is used for the purpose of EMPHASIS, it becomes emphatic pronoun.
Examples: He himself told it to me. I saw him do it myself. 4. Demonstrative Pronoun: Demonstrative pronouns are those that identify or point to a thing or things and occasionally persons. They can be both singular and plural and they refer to nouns that are either nearby or far away in time or space. Examples: This is ridiculous. (This refers to an object or event close to the speaker. ) That is ridiculous. That refers to an object or event farther away in space or time. ) These are ridiculous. (These refer to objects close to the speaker. ) Those are ridiculous. Those refer to objects farther away in space and time. ) 5. Indefinite Pronoun: Some pronouns are definite in that they replace a specific noun or another pronoun. But sometimes things aren’t so clear-cut. We don’t need to refer to anything or anyone definite. Examples: Does anybody have the time? All are welcome to our house for Thanksgiving. Tim doesn’t have any. Michael passed his card to another. Each brought a dessert to share. Anyone can see what’s going on here. Alice couldn’t hear anything at the concert. Everything is going as planned Everyone clapped when the movie ended.
Many missed the bus. No one admitted to knocking over the base. One could see the tornado forming from miles away. Several turned out for the concert. Somebody rang the doorbell. Holly gave her ticket to someone. 6. Relative Pronouns: A pronoun that relates to some noun or other pronoun going before in the sentence. The Noun or Pronoun going before is called the Antecedent. Who, whom, whose, which and that are mostly used relative pronouns. The ground which we dig will bear a fine crop. The students who work hard always succeed. Pronoun should be placed as near to Antecedent as possible. . Interrogative Pronouns: The pronoun which asks question. Who, which, what, where, whose, whom are called interrogative pronouns. 8. Distributive Pronouns: The pronoun which separates one thing from a group. They always take singular verb. Examples: Each, Other, Another, Everyone, Either, Neither. 0 Each one of you will be given a chance. 0 Everyone, present here, should take their dinner. 0 Either of you can take the matter to the chairman. Neither of you is qualified to attend the final. 9. Reciprocal Pronoun: A pronoun that is used to express mutual action or relationship.
Examples: Each other, one another. All and Aimed respect each other. All the Muslims love one another. Difference between Relative and Interrogative Pronoun The difference between Relative Pronoun and Interrogative Pronoun is that Interrogative Pronouns are placed at the start of the sentence. Example: Who are you? Whereas Relative Pronoun are placed close to antecedent. Example: The ground which we dig will bear a fine crop. Adjective Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. Note: Articles I. E.
The, A, An are all adjectives. The tall professor the lugubrious lieutenant a solid commitment a month’s pay a six-year-old child the unhappiest, richest man Kinds of Adjective There are following types of Adjectives. 1 . Adjective of Quality 2. Adjective of Quantity 3. Possessive Adjectives 4. Demonstrative Adjectives 5. Interrogative Adjectives 1 . Adjective of Quality: Adjective showing the kind or quality of nouns or pronouns is called Adjective of Quality. 0 He is a nice boy. 0 Lucy has a white cow. Sumy is an intelligent boy. Lot is a heavy box. 2.
Adjective of Quantity: Adjective showing the quantity of nouns or pronouns is called Adjective of Quantity. Examples : 0 She ate the whole apple. 0 1 ate some rice. 0 He has little knowledge. 0 He spent all his money. 3. Possessive Adjectives: A possessive adjective modifies a noun by telling whom it belongs to. It answers the question “Whose? ” his, her, its, my, our, their, and your. You can share my rice. Have you seen their house? This is his room. They are our friends. The demonstrative adjectives that, these, this, those, and what answer the question Which? ” I’m going to open that present.
Whose is this bag? These mangoes are very sweet. A demonstrative adjective may look like a demonstrative pronoun, but it is used differently in the sentence: it is an adjective, used to modify a noun or pronoun. The interrogative adjectives are used with nouns to ask questions. Examples are what, which and whose. What movie do you want to see? Which leaves turn color first? Whose son is he? An interrogative adjective may look like an interrogative pronoun, but it is used 6. Indefinite Adjectives An indefinite adjective gives indefinite, or general, information. Often, it answers the question “How much? Some common indefinite adjectives are all, any, each, every, few, many, and some. Many children like dinosaurs. Did you want some bananas? Is there any water in the bottle? An indefinite adjective may look like an indefinite pronoun, but it is used differently in the sentence: it is an adjective, used to modify a noun or pronoun. Adverb An adverb is a word that’s used to give information about a verb, adjective, or other adverb. When used with a verb, adverbs can give information about: how something happens or is done: She stretched lazily. He walked slowly. The town is easily accessible by road. Here something happens: I live here. She’s traveling abroad. The children tiptoed upstairs. When something happens: They visited us yesterday. I have to leave soon. He still lives in London. Adverbs can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb stronger or weaker: with a verb: I almost fell asleep. He really means it. With an adjective: These schemes are very clever. This is a slightly better result. They nearly always get home late. The answer to both questions is really rather simple. Adverbs normally come between the subject and its verb: She carefully avoided my eye.
They also come between an auxiliary verb (such as be or have) and a main verb: The concert was suddenly cancelled. Types of Adverb 1 . Adverb of Manner 2. Adverb of Place 3. Adverb of Frequency 4. Adverb of Time 1 . Adverbs of Manner She moved slowly and spoke quietly. 2. Adverbs of Place She has lived on the island all her life. She still lives there now. 3. Adverbs of Frequency She takes the boat to the mainland every day. She often goes by herself. 4. Adverbs of Time She tries to get back before dark. It’s starting to get dark now. She finished her tea first. She left early.