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Knowledge of Microorganisms (pretty recent) Allows humans to: prevent food spoilage and prevent disease occurrence Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology labs Naming and classifying Linnaeus established system of scientific nomenclature (binomial nomenclature) Each organism has two names: genus and specific epithet Are italicized or underlined Everything is “Latinized” Genus is capitalized Species is lowercased May be descriptive or honor a scientist Escherichia coli Honors discoverer Theodore Escherichia Describes bacterium’s habitat- large intestine or colon Staphylococcus areas
Describes the clustered (soothsay) spherical (Cisco) cells Describes the gold-colored (areas) colonies Scientific Names After the first use the scientific names may be abbreviated with the specific epithet Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus areas found in human body E. Coli is found in the intestine while S. areas is found in the skin Types of Microorganisms Bacteria Arched Fungi Protozoa Algae Viruses Multicultural animal parasites Prokaryote (before true nucleus) Pedagogical cell walls Binary fission For energy use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis Many “swim” Flagella Prokaryotic Lack pedagogical
Live in extreme environments Include Methanol’s (found where there is no oxygen) Extreme halides (salt loving) Extreme thermopiles (found in the deep sea vents in ocean) Not known to cause disease Eukaryote (true nucleus) Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy (absorb) Molds and mushrooms are multicultural consisting of masses of micelle, which are composed of filaments called hyper Yeasts are unicellular Reproduce sexually or asexually Protozoa E eukaryote Cellulose cell walls use photosynthesis for energy produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds unicellular or multicultural some can be parasitic
Cellular Consist of DNA or RNA core (never both) Core surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope (waxy material) Replicate only when they are in a living host cell Considered inert when outside host cell, and a parasite when in a host cell Eukaryote Multicultural animals Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called hellishness Microscopic stages in life cycles Classification of microorganisms Animal kingdom vs.. Plant kingdom (17th cent) 3 domains (Woes in 1978 cell organization) Eukaryote Protests (most versatile) Plants Animals Chapter 1 lecture day 2 Brief history of microbiology
Ancestors of bacteria were first life on earth Ex. Fossils, ancient disease (found in mummies), and acts of god First microbes were observed in 1763 First Observations 1665- Robert Hook reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells 1858- Rudolf Birch cells arise from preexisting cells Cell theory- all living things composed of cells and come from preexisting cells 1673-1723 Anton von Leeuwenhoek described live microorganisms Debate over Spontaneous Generation Spontaneous generation – living organisms arise from nonliving matter “vital force” forms life Bossiness living organisms arise from preexisting life
Misspoken Movement of materials across membranes simple diffusion: movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration equilibrium facilitated diffusion: solute combines with a transporter protein (Permeate) in the membrane osmosis: the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration osmotic pressure: the pressure needed to stop the movement of water cross the membrane Movement of water across membranes through lipid layer aspirins (water channels) The principle of osmosis isotonic solution- no net movement of water hypotonic solution- water moves into the cell if the cell wall is strong, it contains the swelling.
If the cell wall is weak or damaged, the cell bursts (osmotic lysine) hypersonic solution- water moves out of the cell causing its cytoplasm to shrink (polynomials) (creation) Movement across membrane Active transport- requires a transporter protein and TAP Uniform Anterior= An+/K+ pump Symptom (coupled)= called secondary active transport =An+/l- asymptote Group ramifications: requires a transporter protein and PEP (Phosphorescently) Chapter B Functional Anatomy o Prokaryote One circular, not in a membrane No histories No organelles Pedagogical cell walls if Bacteria Pseudopodium cell walls if Arched Eukaryote u Paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane Histories Organelles in membrane Polysaccharide cell walls Mitotic spindles The Eukaryotic Cell Projections: contain cytoplasm infra have plasma membrane around them. Ex.
Cilia and Flagella Flagella and Cilia -Basal body’= misconstrues -tubular -9 pairs + 2 array Prokaryotic flagella= rotating motion Eukaryotic flagella= wave like motion Flagella= Few, longer than cell size Cilia= numerous, short The cell wall and Coaxially Cell wall -Plants, fungi, algae -Carbohydrates Cellulose (plants, algae, and some fungi) Chitin (Some fungi and coruscations) Gluten and Manna (yeasts) Coaxially=sticky! -Carbohydrates extending from plasma membrane -Bonded to proteins and lipids membrane = Globetrotting and glycoside (strength) The Plasma Membrane Phosphoric belayed Peripheral proteins Stereos= resist lysine only macrocosms Coaxially carbohydrates= recognition sites or bacterial attachment sites. Selective