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PERSPECTIVE Effect of Electronic Media on Children MUNNI RAY AND KANA RAM JAT From the Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India. Correspondence to: Munni Ray, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India. munniray1@yahoo. com Radio, television (TV), movies, video games, cell phones, and computer networks have assumed central roles in our children’s daily lives.
The media has demonstrated potentially profound effects, both positive and negative, on children’s cognitive, social, and behavioral development. Considering the increasing exposure of children to newer forms of media, we decided to review the current literature on the effects of media on child health both in the Western countries and India. It is widely accepted that media has profound influence on child health, including violence, obesity, tobacco and alcohol use, and risky sexual behaviors.
Simultaneously, media may have some positive effects on child health. We need to find ways to optimize the role of media in our society, taking advantage of their positive attributes and minimizing their negative ones. We need to understand better how to reverse the negative impact of media and make it more positive. Key words: Media, Child, India. ne of the notable changes in our social environment in the 21st century has been the saturation of our culture and daily lives by the mass media.
Unfortunately, the consequences of one particular common element of the electronic mass media have a particularly detrimental effect on children’s well being. It is now not just kids in bad neighborhoods or with “bad” friends who are likely to be exposed to bad things when they go out on the street. A “virtual” bad street is easily available to most youth now in their very homes. MAGNITUDE OF MEDIA EXPOSURE In the United States (US) over 80% of adolescents own at least one form of new media technology (e. g. , cell phone, personal data assistant, computer for Internet access), and they are sing this technology with increasing frequency to text and instant message, e-mail, blog, and access social networking websites(1). A national Kaiser Family Foundation (US) survey found that children aged 8 to 18 years had an average media usage time of 6 hours and 21 INDIAN PEDIATRICS 561 O minutes daily(2). Total media exposure time for most of the children exceeded the time spent in all other activities except sleep. Although data from India is limited, a significant portion of our children also have considerable TV viewing per day i. . ;2 hours/day(3). EFFECT OF MEDIA ON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Effects of the mass media have been found to be farreaching and potentially harmful in influencing the health-related behaviors of children and adolescents, many of whom are not yet mature enough to distinguish fantasy from reality, particularly when it is presented as “real life. ” This is particularly important for very young children who developmentally think concretely and are unable to distinguish fantasy from reality.
Furthermore, time spent with media decreases the amount of time available for pursuing other more healthy activities such as sports, physical activity, community service, cultural pursuits, and family time. VOLUME 47__JULY 17, 2010 RAY AND JAT MEDIA AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS Children, who observe (in the media or in the environment around them) others exhibiting a specific aggressive behavior, e. g. hitting, are more likely to perform the same aggressive behavior immediately. Exposure to media violence has been positively related to subsequent aggressive behavior, ideas, arousal, and anger.
Additionally, there is a significant negative effect of exposure to violence on subsequent helping behavior. Infrequent exposure is not likely to produce lasting consequences, but parents, particularly need to be urged to protect their children against the kinds of repeated exposures that excessive play with violent video games or immersion in violent TV programs is likely to produce(4). Ray, et al. (5) from India reported that children having exposure to violence through media had poorer school performance and its impact on their psychosocial adjustments was detrimental. Another study rom India showed that vivid display of violence through media (9/11 terrorist attack) caused stress in adolescents(6). Yama, et al. (7) described that some of the fears, tensions, bad dreams and tendencies towards delinquencies of children are a result of frequent and a regular exposure to murder-mystery movies, and stories filled with violence and torture that children view on TV and movies. Association between TV viewing and suicidal behavior has also been reported from India(8). Both content exposure and screen time of media had independent detrimental associations with school performance in children and adolescents (9). Hopf, et al. 10) showed that the more frequently children view horror and violent films during childhood, and the more frequently they play violent electronic games at the beginning of adolescence, the higher will these students’ violence and delinquency be at the age of 14. Primack, et al. (11) showed that excessive TV viewing in adolescence is a risk factor for development of depression in young adulthood. TV viewing may play an exacerbating, if not causal, role in the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)(12). This hypothesis is consistent with evidence indicating that children with ADHD INDIAN PEDIATRICS 562
ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND CHILDREN watch more television than their peers and experience significant impairments in comprehending stories, a crucial skill in achieving academic success(13). While Zimmerman, et al. (14) reported that any deleterious longitudinal relation between television and cognitive outcomes may be more salient among children with ADHD, AcevedoPolakovich, et al. (15) observed no effect. Thus, a more careful examination of the relation between television viewing and children’s cognitive abilities are needed. TELEVISION VIEWING AND SOCIAL ISOLATION Bickham, et al. 16) investigated the relationship between TV viewing time, content, context, and peer integration. As children spend more total time watching TV, they spend a significantly shorter amount of time with friends as compared to those who don’t. Thus, viewing television causes poor peer relationships and thereby increases the risk for social isolation, anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and antisocial behavior, including aggression and gang involvement(7). Some authors found that the more time children spent watching TV, the less time they spent with their families(17).
While TV may isolate children, the reverse causal direction is also plausible ??? lonely children may turn to TV for entertainment and companionship. Children who are marginalized by their peers use TV to escape the stresses of their lives and meet their social needs(18). Conversely, children who are socially integrated spend less time watching TV(19). Thus, it can be argued that it is social isolation that motivates excessive media use. Overall, it is most likely that both effects occur ??? children who watch more TV become more socially isolated, which leads them to spend more time watching TV.
While TV viewing is often perceived as an isolating activity, it frequently occurs in the company of friends. Because socializing builds interpersonal skills, TV viewing with friends may provide a venue for these skills to develop(20). It is important to consider content whenever investigating the relationships between media use and behaviors. Violent television viewing may influence younger VOLUME 47__JULY 17, 2010 RAY AND JAT children to be more antisocial; resulting in their becoming socially isolated which, in turn, attracts them to more violent media(16).
To optimize children’s social development and long term mental health, parents, teachers, and pediatricians should discourage the viewing of violent television programs. MEDIA AND CHILDHOOD OBESITY Dietz and Gortmaker(21) reported that each additional hour of TV viewing per week increased the risk of obesity by 2%. The experimental study by Robinson found strong evidence of a causal link between TV viewing and children being overweight(22). In India, this association has also been emphasized (23). Stettler, et al. 24) showed a significant association between electronic game use and obesity, with nearly a 2-fold increased risk of obesity for every hour spent playing electronic games daily. An inverse relationship between time spent using video games and daily physical activity has also been observed(25). Thus, if playing of video games is used as a substitute for regular physical activity, the positive association between game play and obesity is certainly plausible; however, if it is used to replace time spent watching television or simply resting, video game play can serve to more positively affect energy expenditure.
Thus, although video game play should not be considered a sedentary activity, it should in no way be considered a substitute for regular physical activities that significantly stress the metabolic pathways required for the enhancement of cardiovascular conditioning. The mechanism of effect of TV exposure on overweight risk is undoubtedly multifactorial. It appears to operate independently from reduced physical activity. Excessive TV exposure may instead operate through the extensive advertising messages for unhealthy foods targeted at very young children or from a tendency of children to snack while watching TV(26).
A randomized controlled trial found that increasing screen time resulted in reduced energy expenditure and increased energy intake(27). There is association between exposure to advertisements and children’s requests for specific INDIAN PEDIATRICS 563 ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND CHILDREN foods, food purchasing, and food consumption(28). Indeed, studies show that TV viewing is inversely associated with intake of fruits and vegetables, which receive little air time despite their potential to promote health in various ways and protect against weight gain(29). Epstein, et al. 30) conducted a randomized trial and found that reducing television viewing and computer use may have an important role in preventing obesity and in lowering BMI in young children, and these changes may be related more to changes in energy intake than to changes in physical activity. In the absence of regulations restricting food advertising aimed at children, reduction in television viewing is a promising approach to reducing excess energy intake. MEDIA AND EATING DISORDERS The print media promotes an unrealistically thin body ideal that, in turn, is at least partially responsible for promoting eating disorders.
One prospective study of thin ideal-promoting media use in young adolescent girls found that decreases in magazine reading over 16 months was associated with decrease in eating disordered symptoms(31). Van den Berg, et al. (32) found that frequent reading of magazine articles about dieting/weight loss strongly predicted unhealthy weight control behaviors in adolescent girls, but not boys, 5 years later. Field, et al. (33) observed that the majority of the preadolescent and adolescent girls in their schoolbased study were unhappy with their body weight and shape.
This discontentment was strongly related to the frequency of reading fashion maga-zines. The frequency of reading fashion magazines was positively associated with the prevalence of having dieted and exercised to lose weight and to improve body shape The results suggest that the print media aimed at young girls could serve a public health role by refraining from relying on models that are severely underweight and printing more articles on the benefits of physical activity. VOLUME 47__JULY 17, 2010
RAY AND JAT MEDIA AND SMOKING Research has demonstrated a strong association between exposure to certain mass media messages and smoking in adolescents. For instance, more than half of adolescent smoking initiation has been linked to watching smoking in movies(34). Acknowledging the effects of mass media on attitudes and behavior, media literacy may teach youth to understand, analyze, and evaluate advertising and other mass media messages, enabling them to actively process media messages rather than passively remaining targets of mass media(35).
India faced a lot of controversy with the ban on on-screen smoking in films and television programs. Initially, ban was imposed from January 1, 2006 and then on January 23, 2009, Delhi High Court lifted the smoking ban in films and TV (36). There is need for evidence based guidelines for such issues. MEDIA AND ALCOHOL DRINKING It has been shown that exposure to alcohol advertising and TV programming is associated with positive beliefs about alcohol consumption(37).
Although such cross-sectional studies do not prove causation (only association), it is of interest that in a 1990 study, 56% of students in grades 5 to 12 said that alcohol advertising encourages them to drink. Findings showed that girls who had watched more hours of TV at ages 13 and 15 drank more wine and spirits at age 18 than those who had watched fewer hours of TV(38). One study suggested independent associations between marijuana and alcohol use, and media exposure. In particular, music exposure is associated with marijuana use while movie exposure is related to alcohol use(39).
MEDIA AND RISK OF SEXUAL INITIATION Initiation of sexual intercourse by younger adolescents is associated with risky sexual behaviors and increased risk of multiple partners, unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. In the US, approximately 47% of high school students have had sexual intercourse. Of them, 7. 4% report having sex before the age of 13 and 14% have had ? 4 sexual partners(40). One potential but largely unexplored factor that may contribute to sexual activity among INDIAN PEDIATRICS 564 ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND CHILDREN adolescents is exposure to sexual content in the mass media.
In India, there are reports of messaging of sexual contents through mobiles among schoolgoing adolescents. Survey research results demonstrate that TV programs watched by adolescents contains high levels of sexual content, include little information about sexual risks, and are an important source of information about sex(41). Almost 75% of 15 to 17year-olds believe that sexual content on TV influences the behavior of their peers “somewhat” or “a lot. ” Collins, et al. (42) reported that the amount of sexual content viewed, but not hours of television watched, was a significant one year risk factor for sexual initiation.
Ashby, et al. (43) used longitudinal data to examine the relationships between amount of television viewing and parental regulation of content on sexual initiation and observed that watching television 2 or more hours per day and lack of parental regulation of television programming were each associated with increased risk of initiating sexual intercourse within a year. Peterson, et al. (44) found that co-viewing television and discussing television with parents were related to decreased sexual initiation in certain adolescents. WHAT CAN BE DONE?
Given the enormous influence that media in all forms exerts on the lives of children, it is astonishing how little parents, researchers, and policymakers have been spurred to action. First, the media needs to be recognized as a major public health issue rather than as a series of commercial endeavors in need of regulation, as they are among the most profound influences on children. This intersects with many other issues that are critically important to child health, including violence, obesity, tobacco and alcohol use, and risky sexual behaviors.
Television and other media must be viewed as more than sources of evil or mere idle pleasures; their potential to enrich the lives of our children are, in fact, enormous, and that potential needs to be explored and actualized. Recently, Moreno, et al. (45) reported that a brief e-mail intervention using social networking sites shows promise in reducing sexual references in the online VOLUME 47__JULY 17, 2010 RAY AND JAT profiles of at-risk adolescents. There is a need to decide, how to cover a tragedy in a way that will communicate the necessary information and minimize the detrimental effects on the developing brains(46).
Thus, we need to find ways to optimize the role of media in our society, taking advantage of their positive attributes and minimizing their negative ones. Media should deliver positive messages e. g. program to address childhood obesity, to encourage parents to talk to their pre-adolescent and adolescent children “early and often” about delaying the onset of sexual activity, anti tobacco message etc. Indian literature also states that with media’s cooperation, it is possible to take important health messages to the community and to screen out images that legitimize practices harmful to child health(47).
Finally, a better evidence base is needed. In India, there are limited studies on effect of media, especially newer media items, on child health and about interventions to improve role of media in child health. Robust, prospective, experimental, population-based effectiveness trials are needed. Better studies of how they watch and how viewing habits can be improved are necessary. Such solution-oriented research is the key to advancing public health. We should focus attention on a strategy that uses media, sometimes in sophisticated ways, to help young people avoid behaviors that reduce their wellbeing and increase behaviors that promote it.
Parents may play a vital role on impact of children’s television viewing(48). Abrol, et al. (48) from India showed that a co-viewing adult (parents) can make television viewing an active process and can facilitate learning from it. Anuradha, et al. (49) reported significant difference in children’s amount of TV watching depending on the type of negative reinforcement and consequences exercised by the parents. The study also showed that parental disciplinary practices significantly affected children’s academic achievement.
So, parents need to be educated about the negative effects of media, but it is not clear how to target messages in such a way that parents will feel that they have the power to make changes within the home. Pediatricians should encourage the development of media literacy, but studies indicate that few primary care physicians INDIAN PEDIATRICS 565 ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND CHILDREN have the time or the inclination to address such matters in office visits because their time is limited and they believe that their efforts in this realm would be futile.
Funding must be made available, and efforts must be undertaken to create targeted campaigns that both raise parental awareness and provide simple strategies for reducing media time and limiting exposure to negative content. These are noncomplex, salable actions that can be implemented by most parents or caregivers and reinforced by pediatricians. Because the topography of media exposure has evolved from 10 feet (TV) to 2 feet (computers) to 10 inches (cellular telephones), these actions (with the exception of being a good role model) are important but may only achieve shortterm interventions.
Technology will continue to present new media opportunities to all children. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has recommended guidelines, which has been revised recently, for use of media in children(50): 1) not allowing the bedroom to be a media center with TV, video games, and Internet access; 2) limiting media time to 1 to 2 hours of quality programming; 3) discouraging TV viewing for children younger than 2 years ; 4) viewing and discussing content together; 5) turning off the TV when no one is watching and during meals; and 6) being a good media role model.
Pediatricians must become cognizant of the pervasive influence that the wide and expanding variety of entertainment media has on the physical and mental health of children and adolescents. The AAP also makes recommendations to the entertainment industry to avoid violent content. Pediatricians should advocate for a simplified, universal, content-based media-rating system to help parents guide their children to make healthy media choices. Just as it is important that parents know the ingredients in food they may feed to their children, they should be fully informed about the content of the media their children may use.
No such guidelines exist in India. The Indian Academy of Pediatrics should take the lead in formulating and implementing the guidelines to help parents and children to develop healthy media using habits. VOLUME 47__JULY 17, 2010 RAY AND JAT CONCLUSIONS The media has a disturbing potential to negatively affect many aspects of children’s healthy development, including weight status, sexual initiation, aggressive feelings and beliefs, consumerism and social isolation. Media also has potential for positive effects on child health.
We need to find ways to optimize the role of media in our society, taking advantage of their positive attributes and minimizing their negative ones. The ultimate goal is to reach youth with positive messaging. Embracing media rather than trying to counteract it promises to be an effective tool in shaping the behavior of children and adolescents. Contributors: MR formulated the idea of writing this review and revised it critically for important intellectual content. She will act as guarantor of the article. KRJ collected data, drafted the manuscript and reviewed the literature. Both authors approved the final manuscript.
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