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The means relied on in this form of government for preventing their degeneracy are numerous and various. The most effectual one, is such a limitation of the term of appointments as will maintain a proper responsibility to the people. L” How does one maintain proper responsibility to the people? Public Administration is a major contributor to democratic life. Its success advances to the building and maintaining of public trust built in democracy. One of the greatest obstacles a public administrator is faced with are political and personal responsibilities.
Frederica believes that political and personal responsibilities are acquired through reasoned communication based on scientific knowledge, while Finer argues that tract obedience to political administration superiors are ones political and personal responsibilities. Finer also questions if there is such thing as being overly educated, and if those that are highly educated being scared away from governmental positions, thus leaving sub par people to take those roles.
The thought is that if there were better personnel in government positions than there would be a better political system; therefore a more ethically inclined system. Eric Railed agrees with Fredrick’s approach of reasoned communication; being educated on ethics through training, personal interactions, and perceived knowledge ill influence perceptions of ethical climates. An interesting discovery though was that work tenure actually lessened the perception. This thought process of education is considered to be public ethics.
Public ethics is the belief that results are gained from experience from care-oriented tasks. Experience compared with a person’s age to how long he/she has been in office. The government has two types of approaches to determine ethics through efficiency and performance versus legal and democratic values. These two approaches are the legalistic approach and the nationalistic approach. The ecclesiastic approach is Just that, based on law. It relies on law-based priorities and processes to balance discretionary innovation and accountability.
The nationalistic approach relies on innovation and efficiency to balance discretionary innovation and accountability. Whistle-blowing is an area of ethics that is often the most intimidating. While an employee is supposed to be protected it is not often guaranteed. There is a huge risk for not only the employee who reports perceived unethical behavior, but also to the company involved. Since there is always a question of whether one should report unethical behavior it is also interesting to examine what makes a person choose whether or not to report those behaviors.
One study revolved around auditors, but its conclusion shows how the findings can be applied to public administration: to determine the likelihood of a person to report unethical behavior one must examine that person’s professional commitment and the organizations commitment versus colleague commitment and moral intensity of the unethical behaviors. The findings in the study of the auditors showed that moral intensity relates to both; higher level f professional identity increases as the commitment to the organization provides motivation.
Another study showed results for where an employee is likely to report these incidences to: executives of larger organizations showed a higher level of employees voicing concerns to Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and external whistle-blowing. Executives with union workers showed a higher level of employees voicing concerns to EEOC, the media, and external whistle-blowing. Executives in the manufacturing industry wowed a higher level of employees voicing concerns to OSHA.