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In our findings, we were able to determine the mass of the determined and the percent recovery of matter. The outcome of the experiment was that we made the correct calculations which gave us the confidence to know how to do an analysis of mixture. Introduction A mixture is a material that is not uniform in composition, and it is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity. Mixtures are characterized by how each of the substances in the mixture retains its chemical integrity, and that mixtures are separable into these components by physical means. The substances we see in life are mixtures or compounds. Compounds differ in that the elements come together in definite proportions, whereas mixtures, as previously stated, are not uniform. 2 There are 2 types of mixtures, heterogeneous and homogeneous. A heterogeneous mixture is one “in which the composition varies from one region of the mixture to This differs from homogeneous, where the composition is the same. In this experiment, the components of the mixture were separated by physical means, and consequently, the components underwent physical changes.
A physical change is a change, such as a phase change, that occurs with no change in chemical composition. The main concept being applied and studied in this lab was the separation of components of mixtures by physical means, familiarizing ourselves with the methods of separating substances from another substance using the technique of decanting, filtration, extraction, and sublimation. In the Pearson Education lab manual, declination is “separating from a liquid from a solid by gently pouring the liquid from the solid so as not to disturb the solid”. An example of this is separating sand and water by pouring the water into another container. 2(pa) Filtration is using a filter to separate a solid from a liquid. (pop) Making morning coffee requires the use of a paper filter to separate the solid coffee grounds from liquid water. Extraction is “separating a substance from a mixture by preferentially dissolving that substance in a suitable solvent” or separating the soluble from the insoluble. 3(pop) Sublimation is the process of a “solid passing directly to the gaseous state and back to solid without the appearance of a liquid”. (pop) The process of separating the components of a mixture, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, is necessary in the laboratory setting for isolating a particular component in order for further study. Research has been made on the uses of foregrounds in NASA as a “method for controlling fluids in space” and its medical uses for an “implantable artificial heart”. 4 Foregrounds are colloidal suspensions of magnetic material in a liquid medium, which responds to an external magnetic field. (IPPP) They document the proper procedure for preparing fireproofed, including decanting a Feces and NH solution to isolate magnetite, a black precipitate, from the liquid. Although the process of separating mixtures into various states is performed rudimentary, further research is still conducted to aka certain the precision of the separation. 5 Despite the complex apparatus used in research, basic procedures are still followed, similar to the following procedures that will be presented in this report.
Decanting, filtration, extraction, and sublimation have practical applications in a variety of settings. In this lab, a mixture of Enoch, Nasal, and Isis will be heated, where Enoch will be sublimed. The remaining Nasal and Isis will be combined with H2O, where Nasal will be extracted. The residue will be Isis, where it will be heated. Materials and Methods I. Materials 1. Evaporating dish 2. Beakers 3. Test tube 4. Hotplate 5. Scale 6. Spatula 7. Funnel 8. Filter Paper 9. Components of mixture 10. Stirring rod II. Methods A. Preliminary Steps 1 .
Obtain a sample of the mixture. The mixture you will separate contains three components: Nasal, Enoch, and Isis. Their separation will be accomplished by heating the mixture to sub-lime the Enoch, extracting the Nasal with water, and drying the remaining Isis. 2. Obtain an evaporating dish and carefully weigh it to the nearest 0. Egg on top of the loading scale and record its mass on the data sheet. 3. Place about g of the mixture into the evaporating dish and carefully sigh it to the nearest 0. Egg with the top loading scale and record its mass on the data sheet. 4.
Determine the mass of the mixture by subtracting the mass of the empty evaporating dish from the mass of the evaporating dish containing the mixture and record the calculated mass onto the data sheet. B. Sublimation Steps 1. Place the beaker containing the mixture on the hot plate and heat until the white fumes no longer form (about 15 minutes) during the sublimation process. 2. Allow the beaker to cool until it reaches room temperature; then weigh the beaker with the contained solid. The loss in mass represents the amount f Enoch in your mixture. Calculate this. . Add Mimi of water to the solid in this beaker and stir gently for 5 minutes. Decant the liquid carefully into the second beaker, which you have weighed, being careful not to transfer any of the solid into the second beaker. 4. Add ml more of water to the solid in the first beaker, stir, and decant this liquid into the second beaker as before. This process extracts the soluble Nasal from the sand. You now have two beakers-one containing wet sand, and the other containing a solution of sodium chloride. 5. Weigh the filter paper and record on data sheet. Fold filter paper into halves until it is folded small. 7. Place the folded filter paper inside a funnel. The paper will need to be wetted with water, once wet adjust the filter paper so that it lies flat on the walls of the funnel. 8. Place funnel into beaker for gravity filtration. 9. Pour the mixture contained in the test tube into the gravity filtration beaker and collect filtrate into the beaker. 10. Set filter paper aside with residue. 11. Place the beaker on the hotplate and heat. As the amount of liquid reduces, the Nasal dissolved will start to precipitate as a white solid.
When the liquid is fully evaporated, allow the beaker to cool down to room temperature. 12. Weigh beaker with the dry Nasal , and record the mass on the data sheet. 13. Determine the mass of the recovered Nasal by subtracting the mass of the empty beaker. Once calculations are done record the mass of the recovered Nasal on the data sheet. C. Drying the Sand Sample for Recovery Calculations 1 . Transfer the wet sand from the filter paper to beaker. 2. Place beaker with the wet sand on the hotplate and heat the sand to dryness. When the sand is completely dry, the sand should be free flowing. Allow the sand to cool to room temperature. Weigh the beaker containing the dry sand to the nearest 0. Egg and record this mass onto the data sheet. 4. Determine the mass of the recovered sand by subtracting the mass of the empty beaker from the mass of the beaker containing the dry sand. Record the mass of the recovered sand on the data sheet. Results The experiment was conducted in four parts (part A, B, C and D). In part A, the mass of the evaporating dish and original sample were taken. The mass was 80. 892 g. Next, the mass of the evaporating dish was taken and found to be 77. 886.
The mass of the original sample was determined by subtracting the mass of the evaporating dish from the mass of the evaporating dish and original sampled. After sublimation, the mass of the evaporating dish of Enoch was found to be 80. 713 g. The mass of Enoch was found by subtracting the mass of the evaporating dish after sublimation from the mass of the evaporating dish and original sample. The result was 0. 179 g. The percent of Enoch was calculated by dividing the mass of the Enoch by the molar mass of Enoch (2. 783) and multiplying it by 100. The % of Enoch was found to be 6. 43%.
Results from Part A are outlined in Table 1 below. Part A Mass of evaporating dish and original sample 80. 892 g Mass of evaporating dish 77. 997 g Mass of original sample 3. 006 g Mass of evaporating dish after subliming Enoch 80. Egg Mass of Enoch 0. Egg Percent of Enoch 6. 43% Table 1. In Part B of the experiment the mass of a 250 ml beaker and Nasal was taken. The mass was 110. 09 g. Next the mass of the 250 ml was taken and found to be 109 g. Extraction was used to remove the Nasal from the water. Then, the mass of Nasal was calculated by subtracting the mass of the 250 ml beaker from the ass of the beaker and Niacin which was 1. 9 g. Finally, the percent of Nasal was calculated by dividing the mass of Enoch (0. 179 g) by the molar mass of Enoch (2. 783) and multiplying it by 100. Results from Part B are outlined in the Table 2 below. Part B Mass of beaker and Nasal 110. 09 g Mass of 250 ml beaker 109 g Mass of Nasal 1. 09 g Percent of Nasal 39. 17% Table 2. In Part C of the experiment, Isis was found by using decanting. First, the mass of the evaporating dish and Isis was taken. The mass was 79. 400 g. Next the mass of the evaporating dish was taken and found to be 77. 886 g.
The mass of Isis was determined by subtracting the mass of Isis from the mass of the evaporating dish and determined to be 1. 514 g. The percent of Isis was calculated by taking the mass of Isis and dividing it by the molar mass of Isis (2. 783) and multiplying by 100. This calculation resulted in 54. 40%. Results from Part B are outlined in Table 3 below. Part C Mass of evaporating dish and Isis 79. 400 g 77. 886 g Mass of Isis I . Egg Percent of Isis 54. 40% Table 3. In Part D of the experiment, the goal was to determine if the percentage of each of the components of the solution totaled 100%.
The mass obtained from Enoch, Nasal, and Isis were subtracted from the mass of the original sample (3. 006 g) and the difference in the weights was 0. 223 g. The percent recovery of matter formula was used. The formula is as follows: Percent of recover matter = g matter recovered x 100 g original sample The percent of each component of the experiment was found to add to 100%. This indicates the experiment was conducted in such a manner that there was no error. Calculations are indicated below: Enoch (6. 43%), Nasal (39. 17%), and Isis (54. 40%) (6. 43% + 39. 17% + 54. 40% = 100%) Discussion
The starting point of this experiment was a mixture of Enoch (Ammonium chloride), Nasal (sodium chloride), and Isis (sand). Each of these substances retained its own chemical identity throughout the course of this experiment. Enoch and Niacin are ionic compounds, in which normally a metal bonds to a nonmetal, based on the charges of the ions. Isis is a binary molecular compound, which is a combination oft nonmetals. When measuring the different amounts of the three components of the mixture, all measurements were based on significant figures. Thus, each certain digit plus one uncertain digit was included in all measurements.
The process of sublimation, in which a solid passes directly to the gaseous state and back to the solid state without the appearance of the liquid state, was used to separate the Enoch from the rest of the mixture. The sublimation effectively separated the Enoch from the rest of the mixture. The sample contained O. 179 g of Enoch after sublimation. The percent of Enoch came out to be 6. 432%. Later on, the Nasal was separated from the Isis because of the solubility of Nasal in water and the insolubility of Isis in water. Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve when in the presence f a certain solvent (Gumball).
The process of extraction, in which a substance is separated from a mixture by dissolving that substance in a suitable solvent, was used to separate the Nasal from the Isis. The Nasal dissolved in the water, and by declination, the process of separating a liquid from a solid by gently pouring the liquid from the solid so as not to disturb the solid, the Nasal solution was separated from the Isis. Heating can cause substances to evaporate, which represents a change in state, so when the water evaporated from the Nasal, solid Nasal was left behind. The amount of Nasal in the experiment was measured to be 1. 9 g, with the percent of Niacin as 39. 17%. Then, the remaining component of the mixture, Isis, was measured to be 1. 514 g once it had dried out. The percent of Isis came out to be 54. 40%. The comparison between the measured masses of the three different substances in the mixture and the actual masses of the components proved that the substances of mixtures are able to separated, yet still retain their chemical and physical properties. After the components of the original sample were successfully separated, their masses were added together n order to determine whether their added masses equaled their original mass.
The measured total of the three separate components in the mixture was 2. 783 g, whereas the mass of the original sample was 3. 006 g. Thus, this similar correlation between the masses proves that all three components had relatively the same masses before and after they were separated from the mixture. When the percentages of each component in the mixture were calculated and subsequently added together, the total was 100. 00%. Ideally, the total percentage should be 100%, because substances are neither created nor destroyed during hose physical separation methods, according to the principle of conservation of matter (Gumball).
This total proximity to 100% proves the concept that mixtures can be separated into their components by physical means, and that their components will retain their initial properties. Conclusion Mixture of components and its various forms of separation is seen routinely. We see it in foods such as stews, where there is a mixture of vegetables and meats. We witness it at the beach, with sand and water as a heterogeneous mixture, meaning that they do not dissolve within each other to form one instead they exist side by side.
It is also present in the air that surrounds us as it contains carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen. In all these examples, there is a blending and combining of substances. 5 Even coffee, in its various forms, that university scholars seem to purely subsist on, is a prime example of the chemistry exercises performed in the experiment??the heating of a liquid, to the use of a filter for the separation of a liquid and a soils. Through this lab experiment we were able to witness the process of separating components within a mixture. This was accomplished by exercising the methods of declination, filtration and evaporation.