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Selling is enhanced by means of personal ailing, advertising, publicity and sales promotion. 2. Buying It involves what to buy, what quality, how much, from whom, when and at, what price. People in business buy to increase sales or to decrease costs. Purchasing agents are much influenced by quality, service and price. The products that the retailers buy for resale are determined by the need and preferences of their customers. 3. Transportation Transport is the physical means whereby goods are moved from the places where they are produced to those they are needed for consumption.
Transportation is essential from the procurement of raw materials to the delivery of finished products o the customers places. Marketing relies mainly on railroads, tracks, waterways, pipelines and alarm transport. The type of transportation Is chosen on several consideration such as suitability, speed and cost. 4. Storage It involves the holding of goods In proper condition from the time they are produced until they are needed by consumers On case of finished products) or by the production department (In case of raw materials and stores).
Storing protects the goods from deterioration and helps in carrying over surplus for feature consumption or use in production. Goods may be stored in various warehouses situated at efferent places. Storing assumes greater importance when production is seasonal or consumption may be seasonal. Retail firms are called “stores”. The other activities that facilitate marketing are standardization and grading. Standardization means establishment of certain standards or specifications for products based on intrinsic physical qualities of any commodity.
This may involved quantity (weight or size) or it may involve quality (color, shape, appearance, material, taste, sweetness etc). Government may also set some standards e. G. , in case of agricultural products. A standard conveys a uniformity of the products. Grading means classification of standardized products into certain well-defined classes or groups. ” It involves the division of products into clauses made up of unit processing similar characteristics of size and quality.
Grading is very important for “raw material” (such as fruits and cereals), mining products” (such as coal, iron-ore and manganese) and “forest products” (such as timber). Branded consumer products may bear grade levels, -A B C. 6. Financing It involves the use of capital to meet financial requirements of the agencies dealing with various activities of marketing. The services of providing the credit and money needed to meet the cost of getting merchandise into the hands of the final user is commonly referred to as finance, function in marketing.
In marketing, finances are needed for working capital and fixed capital, which may be secured from three sources – onward capital, bank loans and advances, and trade credit (provided by the manufactures to wholesaler and by the wholesaler to the retailers). 7. Risk Taking Risk means lose due to some unforeseen circumstances in future. Risk-bearing in marketing refers to the financial risk inherent in the ownership of goods held for an anticipated demand, including the possible losses due to a fall in price and the losses from spoilage, depreciation, obsolescence, fire and floods or any other loss that may occur with the passage of time.
From production of goods to its selling stage, many risks are involved due to changes in marker conditions, natural causes and human factors. Changes in fashions or interventions also cause risks. Legislative measures of the government may also cause risks. 8. Market Information The only sound foundation, on which marketing decisions may be based, is correct and timely market information. Right facts and information reduce the aforesaid risks and thereby result in cost reduction.
Business firms collect analyze and interpret facts and information from internal sources, such as records, sales people and findings of the market research department. They also seek facts and information from external sources, such as business publications, government reports and commercial research firms. Retailers need to know about sources of supply and also about customers buying motives and buying habits. Manufacturers need to know information about competitor’s activities and about their markets.