Words: 1307
INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO, /???? r? /; Hindi: ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? Bharatiya Antarik? a Anusandhana Sa? ga? hana) is the primary body for space research under the control of Government of India and one of the big six advanced space research organization that dominate space,others being NASA (U. S), RKA (Russia), CNSA (China), ESA (Europe) and JAXA (Japan). It was established in its modern form in 1969 as a result of coordinated efforts initiated earlier. Activities for the exploration of space within and outside of Earth’s atmosphere.
Headquartered in Bangalore (Bengaluru). ISRO’s chief executive is a chairman, who is also chairman of the Indian government’s Space Commission and the secretary of the Department of Space. ISRO’s first satellite, Aryabhata, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1975. Rohini, the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle (the Satellite Launch Vehicle 3) was launched in 1980. ISRO subsequently developed two other rockets: the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle for putting satellites into polar orbit and the Geostationary Space Launch Vehicle for placing satellites into geostationary orbit.
These rockets have launched communications satellites, Earth-observation satellites, and, in 2008, Chandrayaan-1, India’s first mission to the Moon. ISRO plans to put two astronauts into orbit in 2015. Over the years, ISRO has conducted a variety of operations for both Indian and foreign clients. ISRO’s satellite launch capability is mostly provided by indigenous launch vehicles and launch sites. In 2008, ISRO successfully launched its first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1, while future plans include indigenous development of GSLV, manned space missions, further lunar exploration, and interplanetary probes.
ISRO has several field installations as assets, and cooperates with the international community as a part of several bilateral and multilateral agreement ARYABHATA SATELLITE Aryabhatta was India’s first satellite, named after the great Indian astronomer of the same name. It was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar using a Cosmos-3M launch vehicle. It was built by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to gain experience in building and operating a satellite in space. [1] The 96. minute orbit had an apogee of 619 km and a perigee of 563 km, at an inclination of 50. 7 degrees. It was built to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics. The spacecraft was a 26-sided polygon 1. 4 m in diameter. All faces (except the top and bottom) were covered with solar cells. A power failure halted experiments after 4 days in orbit. All signals from the spacecraft were lost after 5 days of operation. The satellite reentered the Earth’s atmosphere on 11 February 1992.
The satellite’s image appeared on the reverse of Indian 2 rupee banknotes between 1976 and 1997 (Pick catalog and one rupee note number: P-79a-m). [2] BHASKARA-I& II The Bhaskara-I and II Satellites were two satellites built by the Indian Space Research Organisation that formed India’s first low orbit Earth Observation Satellite. They collected data on telemetry, oceanography and hydrology. Bhaskara-I Bhaskara-I, weighing 444 kg at launch, was launched on 7 June 1979 from Kapustin Yar aboard the Intercosmos launch vehicle. It was placed in an orbital Perigee and Apogee of 394 km and 399 km at an inclination of 50. ??. [1] The satellite consisted of- Two television cameras operating in visible (600 nanometre) and near-infrared (800 nanometre) and collected data related to hydrology, forestry and geology. Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating at 19 and 22 GHz for study of ocean-state, water vapour, liquid water content in the atmosphere, etc. The satellite provided ocean and land surface data. However, the cameras malfunctioned. Housekeeping telemetry was received until re-entry on 17 February 1993. Bhaskara-II Bhaskara II, weighing 436 kg, was launched on 20 November 1981 from Kapustin Yar.
It was declared operational after receipt of 300 television images of the Indian sub-continent. The housekeeping telemetry was still being received until 1991. It re-entered orbit on 30 November 1991. It was placed in an orbital Perigee and Apogee of 368 km and 372 km at an inclination of 50. 7??. [1] CHANDRAYAAN-1 Chandrayaan-1 (Sanskrit: ????????? -? , lit: moon vehicle[3][4] pronunciation (help??info)) was India’s first unmanned lunar probe. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor.
India launched the spacecraft with a modified version of the PSLV, PSLV C11[2][5] on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, about 80 km north of Chennai, at 06:22 IST (00:52 UTC). [6] Former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced the project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003. The mission was a major boost to India’s space program,[7] as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon. [8] The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. 9] On 14 November 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter at 20:06 and struck the south pole in a controlled manner, making India the fourth country to place its flag on the Moon. [10] The probe impacted near Shackleton Crater at 20:31 ejecting underground soil that could be analysed for the presence of lunar water ice. [11] The estimated cost for the project was 3. 86 billion Indian rupees (US$90 million). [12] The remote sensing lunar satellite had a mass of 1,380 kilograms (3,042 lb) at launch and 675 kilograms (1,488 lb) in lunar orbit. 13] It carried high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it was intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest as they might contain ice. [14] The lunar mission carries five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost. 15] After suffering from several technical issues including failure of the star sensors and poor thermal shielding, Chandrayaan stopped sending radio signals at 1:30 AM IST on 29 August 2009 shortly after which, the ISRO officially declared the mission over. The main culprit is said to be the failure of onboard DC-DC Converter manufactured by mdipower USA[16]. The converters failed to meet the radiation specifications for the intended mission time. Chandrayaan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but the mission achieved 95 percent of its planned objectives. 1][17][18][19] Among its many achievements was the discovery of the widespread presence of water molecules in lunar soil. [20] ROHINI SATELLITE Rohini is the name given to a series of satellites launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation. The Rohini series consisted of four satellites, all of which were launched by the Indian space research organisation Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and three of which made it successfully to orbit. The series were mostly experimental satellites launched on the experimental launch vehicle ARYABHATA OperatorISRO Mission typeAstrophysics
Satellite ofEarth Launch date19 April 1975 Carrier rocketCosmos-3M COSPAR ID1975-033A Mass360. 0 kg Power46 W from solar panels Orbital elements RegimeLEO Inclination50. 7? Apoapsis619 kilometres (385 mi) Periapsis563 kilometres (350 mi) Orbital period96 minutes CHANDHRAYAN OperatorIndian Space Research Organisation Mission typeOrbiter Satellite ofMoon Orbital insertion date8 November 2008 Orbits3400 orbits around the Moon. [1] Launch date22 October 2008 00:52 UTC Launch vehiclePSLV-XL[2] Launch siteSDSC, Sriharikota Mission durationIntended: 2 years Achieved: 312 days COSPAR ID2008-052A
HomepageChandrayaan-1 Mass1,380 kg (3,042 lb) Orbital elements Eccentricitynear circular Inclinationpolar Apoapsisinitial 7,500 km (4,660 mi), final 100 km (62 mi), final (wef 19 May 2009) 200 km (124 mi) Periapsisinitial 500 km (311 mi), final 100 km (62 mi), final (wef 19 May 2009) 200 km (124 mi) Rohini Satellite Series Operator ISRO Mission typeExperimental Satellites Satellite ofEarth Orbital insertion date1980-07-18 (RS-1), 1981-05-31 (RS-D1), 1983-04-17 (RS-D2) Launch date1979-08-10 (RTP), 1980-07-18 (RS-1), 1981-05-31 (RS-D1), 1983-04-17 (RS-D2) Launch vehicleSLV
Carrier rocketSLV Launch siteSDHC Mission duration20 months (RS-1), 9 Days (RS-D1), 17 months (RS-D2) Orbital decay1981-06-08 (RS-D1), 1990-04-19 (RS-D2) Mass30 Kg (RTP), 35Kg (RS-1), 38Kg(RS-D1), 41. 5Kg (RS-D2) Power3W (RTP), 16W (RS-1,RS-D1,RS-D2) BatteriesNi-Cd Orbital elements Regime400km Circular LEO Inclination46??(RS-1, RS-D1, RS-D2) Altitude305 x 919 Km (RS-1), 186 x 418 Km (RS-D1), 371 x 861 Km (RS-D2) Instruments Main instrumentsLaunch Vehicle monitor, Solid State camera(RS-D2)