Words: 7329
INTRODUCTION ?The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery or to a peaceful death thus he would perform unaided, if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help him to gain independence as rapidly as possible -the concept of nursing according to Virginia Handerson (1958) The essential components of professional nursing practice (according to ANA) include care, cure and coordination.
Nursing is based on scientific principles and an art i. e. composed of skills that require expertisedness and proficiency of their execution. Nursing is a dynamic, therapeutic and educative process in meeting the health needs of the society, assisting the individual or family to achieve their potential for self direction. Education brings change in the behavior of individual in a desirable manner. It aims at all round development of an individual to become mature, self sufficient, intellectually, culturally refined, socially efficient and spiritually advanced.
Nursing education has brought changes in the behavior of the student nurse so as to prepare her to play her roles effectively as an individual and as a good responsible citizen. The practice of educational nursing began in the United States on October 1, 1902 when the initial role of the school nurse was to reduce absenteeism by intervening with students and families regarding health care needs related to communicable diseases. While the nurse??s role hasexpanded greatly from its original focus, the essence of the practice remains the same.
The nurseeducator supports student success by providing health care assessment, intervention, and follow-up for all children within the school setting. STRATEGIES:- Three phases are included in nursing education:- Pre- nursing education:- spread information of nursing to the prospective Candidates, publicity and guidance about nursing education, nursing services, working conditions of nurses, career development, job avenues ,opportunities and responsibilities of nurses has to be given. Booklets can be developed like ??nursing as a carrier??, ??profile of a nurse??. The prospective students can introspect, think and make a right decision.
Careful intelligent planning is required to develop personal and professional satisfaction. Nurse education:- nurse educators have to take care to produce nurses in order to provide qualitative care, select the candidate who is having interest for admission into nursing is the first step. Nurse educators monitor continuously, implement the curriculum which consists of theoretical and practical hours of training in a critical manner, give equal weight age to develop the right attitudes, social and moral values, human relations, skills, ethics, civic sense ,professional etiquette to have perfect background in nursing.
Along with the technical skills, the personal qualities of the students also have to be promoted. Evaluation of students performance is essential. Post nursing education:- after completion of the nursing training, nurse has to register their names in professional organization. The nurse still needs to be educated either in the form of in service or continuing education. The teacher has to develop teaching material and conduct of research to improve the standards of nursing. Post nursing education consists of orientation, supervision, in-service education, evaluation and re-registration.
New graduates need to have a well planned and organized orientation to the area of their posting. They must be oriented to the staff, equipment, working conditions and clients with whom they have to work. They need guidance and supervision in achieving professional standards. Nurses on the job must be evaluated periodically, in terms of knowledge and performance and in-service education needs to be planned on the basis of their needs. Steps for Improving nursing education are:- -development of educational material -conduct of research THE SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE: THE IMPLICATION FOR CONTEMPORARY NURSING
EDUCATION AND PRACTICE: In 1996, the QNC commissioned a UN team to consult widely with nurses at all levels throughout Queensland, seeking their views on the main issues involved in determining the contemporary scope of practice. The QNC and other nursing councils and boards have the legal responsibility for determining the scope of practice for Registered Nurses (RN) and Enrolled Nurses (EN). The scope of nursing education is however an worldwide issue as techniques of health care grow more complex and wide ranging and the cost of health care escalate.
Pressure of two kinds have arisen:- one asking nurses to undertake more tasks and to take more responsibility for their management of care of their client (individual or community) and the other, using more and more unqualified or under qualified people to provide forms of healthcare at low cost. The prime purpose of defining the scope of nursing practice as in registration of nurses is the protection of the public. The public must be assured that nursing care, from the simplest to the most complex, is provided by properly qualified people who know what they are doing, their limits and work within those limits.
The second purpose of finding a mechanism to determine the scope of practice is the legal protection of the nurse. The concept of the scope of nursing education is based on the assumptions that 1)the members of the profession of nursing have a common understanding about the constituents of nursing education. This common understanding of usual nursing education is based on the premise that nursing activities are those -that are congruent with the competencies of the nurse. -Which legislation requires to be undertaken by or supervised by a nurse. Where the client seeks assistance to meet activities of daily living because they are unable to assess and manage their own care. 2) the nurses capacity to amplify and extend their practice is dependent on: -an expanded knowledge base evolved from experience and education. -A willingness to assume greater levels of responsibility. -Greater independence in education and practice. -An ability to critically reflect a practice. 3) in an emergency situation, the nurses duty of care is contigent on his/her level of professional experience and education.
SCOPE OF NURSING EDUCATION:- The literal meaning of scope is range, field or opportunity of activity, operation and application. But in the field of education, scope means, ? the breadth, comprehensiveness and variety of learning experiences, to be provided in the educational process. Thus the scope of education becomes very wide and long. It is almost limitless. It is as wide as the world and as long as the history of man on the earth.? Thus the term education has been interpreted in two main categories:-
NARROWER SENSE:- in its narrower sense, educationist regarded as equivalent to instructions, imparted in school or college. It is believed, education starts from entrance of a child to school and complete with his departure from university. Here the education of a child is measured in terms of the number and grades of examination for which, the educator has to inculcate certain habits, attitudes of influences in the learner which are considered to be essential and useful by tradition.
Therefore education includes those specific influences which are to be brought to bear upon the child or student with a definite purpose, in a pre planned, suitable and methodical manner by parents, teachers and other members of the community for the welfare of younger generations and for preservation of cultural heritage. BROADER SENSE:- in its broader sense, education means the process of development from infancy to maturity. It starts at birth and continues throughout life, which includes all the knowledge and experiences , acquired during infancy, childhood, adolescence, youth, man hood or old age through any agency of education i. the home, school, college temple, society etc. in this way, ones whole life and all activities of life become a real source of education. So education is a life long affair. Thus in the broader sense, education is not always connected with schools, colleges and universities but commencing from birth, it goes on throughout the whole life, and in the narrower sense, it is a well planned process. DIFFERENT PROGRAMMES RUNNING UNDER NURSING EDUCATION Nursing Council Act came to existence in 1948 to constitute a council of nurses who would safeguard the quality of nursing education in the country.
The mandate was to establish and maintain uniform standards of nursing education. Today, Indian nursing council is a statutory body that regulates nursing education in the country through prescription, inspection, examination, certification and maintaining its stands for a uniform syllabus at each level of nursing education. The strive for maintenance of a uniform standards and pattern of nursing education has curbed creative development and experiments for expansion of nursing in to newer horizons of nursing education. There are six levels of nursing education in India today.
They are : 1. Multi Purpose Health Worker Female training (ANM or MPHW-F) 2. Female Health Supervisor training (HV or MPHS-F) 3. General nursing and midwifery (GNM) 4. B. Sc. Nursing 5. M. Sc. nursing 6. M. Phil and PhD The ANM, HV, and GNM are conducted in schools of nursing. The last 3 are university level courses and the respective universities conduct examinations. Beside there are several certificate and diploma courses in specialties. GENERAL NURSING AND MIDWIFERY The general nursing and midwifery course is conducted in 477 centers in the country.
The syllabus has undergone many revisions according to the change in the health plans and policies of the Government and changing trends and advancements in general education, nursing health sciences and medical technology. The latest revision of syllabus by INC in 2004 has increased the duration of the course from three year to three and half year. The basic entrance has become intermediate or class 12 instead of earlier class 10. Both science and arts students are eligible. The focus of general nursing education is the care of sick in the hospital.
Schools of nursing are generally attached to teaching hospitals. Three Board examinations are conducted, one at the end of each year. On passing the candidates are registered as registered nurse and mid ??wife by the respective state nursing councils. PHILOSOPHY The Indian Nursing Council believes that the basic course in nursing is a formal educational preparation which should be based on sound education principles. The council recognizes that the program as the foundation on which the practice of nursing is built and on which depends further professional education.
It also recognizes its responsibility to the society for the continued development of student as individual nurse and citizens. Purpose The purpose of general nursing programme is to prepare general nurse who will function as member of the health team beginning with competence for first level position in both hospital and community. The programme is generated to the health needs of the society, the community and the individual and will assist nurses in their personal and professional development so that they may take their maximum contribution to the society as individual citizens and nurses.
Objectives 1. Demonstrate awareness of and skills required in the nursing process in the provision of health care and nursing of patients 2. Apply relevant knowledge from the humanities biological and behavioral sciences in carrying out health care and nursing activities and functions. 3. Show sensitivity and skill in human relationship and communication in his or her daily works 4. Demonstrate skill in the problem solving methods in nursing. 5. Gain knowledge of health resources in the community and the country 6. Demonstrate skill in leadership . Demonstrate awareness of necessity of belonging to professional organizations. 8. Promotion of health, precaution against illness, restoration of health and rehabilitation. Students admission 1. Age for the entrance shall be 17 years to 35 years, provided they meet the minimum educational requirement ie 12 years of schooling. 2. Minimum education all students should pass 12 classes or its equivalent, preferably with science subjects 3. Admission of students shall be once a year. 4. Students should be medically fit.
The selection committee should comprise tutors, nurse administrators, and educationalist/psychologist. The principal of the school shall be the chairperson. Training programme The course in general nursing shall be of three and half years duration as follows,— two years practice in general nursing , one year community health nursing and midwifery and six months internship which includes nursing administration and nursing research classes. There will be alternate course for male students in lieu of midwifery. The ANM who wishes to under take general nursing course will not be given any concessions.
The maximum hours per week per students shall be 36 hours, which includes instructions and clinical field experiences. BACHELOR OF NURSING COURSE Graduate nursing education started in India in the year 1946 in CMC , Vellore and in the RAK college of nursing at Delhi university. At present several universities in India offer the course. Eligibility for admission A candidate seeking admission should have: 1. pass the 2 year of pre university exam or equivalent as recognized by concerned university with science subjects ie Physics, biology and chemistry. 2. students of vocational courses . obtained at least 45%of total marks in science subjects in the qualifying exam, if belongs to as scheduled caste or tribe , should have obtained not less than 40 % of total marks in science subjects. 4. completed 17 years of age at the time of admission or will complete this age on or before 31stDecember of the year of admission 5. is medically fit Objectives of study The programme is designed : 1. to provide a balance of professional and general education 2. to enable a student to become a professional nurse practitioner who has self direction and is a responsible citizen.
Through planned guided experiences students are provided with opportunities to develop -a broad concept of the fundamental principles of nursing care based on sound knowledge and satisfactory levels of skill in providing care to people of all ages in community or institutional setting -understanding of the application of principles from the physical biological and social sciences for assessing the health status -ability to investigate health care problems systematically -ability to work collaboratively with members of allied disciplines towards attaining optimum health for all members of the society understanding of fundamental principles of administration and organization of nursingservice understanding of human behavior and appreciation of effective interpersonalrelationship with individuals families and groups ability to assume responsibility forcontinuing learning -appreciation of professional attitudes necessary for leadership roles in nursing appreciation of social and ethical obligations to society. Course of study The course of study leading to bachelor of nursing degree comprises 4 academic years.
BACHELOR OF NURSING COURSE (POST CERTIFICATE) FOR QUALIFIED NURSES Philosophy and aims of the program The faculty believes that nursing is an integral part of the health care delivery system and shire responsibility in collaboration with other allied health professions. for the attainment of optimal health for all members of the society. The faculty conceives education as a life long learning process. It seeks to render appropriate behavioral changes in students in order to facilitate their development , which assist them to live personally satisfied and socially useful lives.
The goal of post certificate degree program leading to bachelor of science in nursing is the preparation of the trained nurse as a generalist who accept responsibility for enhancing the effectiveness of Nursing care Eligibility for admission The candidate seeking admission must: 1. hold a certificate in General nursing. 2. be a registered nurse 3. have minimum of two years of experience 4. have passed pre university exam in the arts /science/commerce or its equivalent which is recognized the university 5. be medically fit 6. have a good personal and professional record 7. ave working knowledge of English Program of study DURATION -the program of the study is two academic years from the date of commencement of program. Terms and vacations shall be as notified by the university from time to time. OBJECTIVES-the goal of the post certificate program leading to the bachelor of nursing is the preparation of the trained nurses as a generalist who accept responsibility for enhancing the effectiveness of nursing care. -Administer high quality nursing care to all people of all ages in homes , hospitals and other community agencies in urban and rural areas Apply knowledge from the physical, social and behavioral sciences in assessing the health status of individuals and make critical judgment in assessing the health status ofthe individuals and make critical judgment in planning ,directing and evaluating primary, acute and long term care given by themselves and others working with them -Investigate health care problems systematically -Work collaboratively with members of other health disciplines -Teach and counsel individuals , families and other groups about health and illness -Understand human behavior and establish effective interpersonal relationships Teach in clinical nursing situations -Identify underlying principles from the social and natural sciences and utilize them in adapting to , or initiating changes in relation to those factors -Acquire professional knowledge and attitude in adapting for leadership roles DEGREE OF MASTER OF NURSING Philosophy Nursing faculty presents the following beliefs about the master of nursing programme: 1. the master of nursing programme is offered by institution of higher education and is built up on a recognized bachelors curriculum in nursing (in India-by Indian nursing council) 2. he programme prepares nurses for leadership position in nursing and other health fields who can function as specialists nurse practitioners, consultants ,educators ,administrators and investigators in a wide variety of professional setting in meeting the national priorities and the changing needs of the society 3. the programme prepares nursing graduates who are professionally equipped ,creative, self directed and socially motivated to effectively meet with the needs of thesocial change 4. further the programme encourages accountability and commitment to life long learning which fosters improvement of quality care
Objectives Graduates of master of nursing programme demonstrate: -increased cognitive ,affective and psychomotor competencies and the ability to utilize the potentials for effective nursing performance -expertise in the utilization of concepts and theories for the assessment ,planning and intervention in meeting the self care needs of an individual for the attainment of fullest potentials in the field of specialty. -Ability to practice independently as a nurse specialist -Ability to function effectively as nurse educators and administrators Ability to interpret the health related research -Ability to plan and initiate change in the health care system -Leadership qualities for the advancement of practice of professional nursing -Interest in life long learning for personal and professional learning advancement Eligibility The candidate seeking admission must: 1. have passed BSc. Nursing/post certificate BSc, or nursing degree of any university 2. have a minimum of one year of experience after obtaining BSc, in hospitals or nursing educational institutions or community health setting 3. or BSc, nursing post certificate, no such experience is needed after graduation the candidate shall be-a registered nurse or registered midwife for admission to medical surgical nursing, community health nursing, pediatric nursing obstetric and gynecological nursing. A registered nurse for admission to psychiatric nursing 4. the candidate shall be selected on merit judged on the basis of academic performances in BSc nursing, post certificate BSc, or nursing and selection tests. Specialties Candidate will be examined in any of the following branches 1. branch1-medical surgical nursing 2. ranch2-community health nursing 3. branch 3-paediatric nursing 4. branch4-obstetric and gynecological nursing 5. branch5-psychiatric nursing Four common papers are there included in the syllabus. They are: -advanced concepts of health and nursing -education and nursing education -bio-statistics, research methodology and nursing research -administration and nursing administration MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAMME IN NURSING In 1980 RAK college of nursing started an MPhil programme as a regular and part time course. Since then several universities started taking students for the MPhil course in nursing.
Prominent among these are: MGR Medical University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, SNDT University and Delhi University and Manipal Academy of Higher Education Philosophy Nursing shares with the whole university a main focus of preparing its students for service and assisting them to achieve a meaningful philosophy of life. The student is encouraged to develop judgment and wisdom in handling knowledge and skills and achieve mastery of problem solving and creative skills. Commitment to life long learning is the mark of truly professional person.
In order to maintain clinical competencies and enhance professional practice the student must stay abrupt of the new developments and contribute to the advancement of nursing knowledge. Objectives The objectives of M. Phil degree course in nursing are: -to strengthen the research foundations of nurses for encouraging research attitudes and problem solving capacities -to provide basic training required for research in undertaking doctoral work Duration Duration of the full term M. Phil course will be one year and part time course will be two year. Course of study
At the time of admission each candidate will be required to indicate her priorities in regard to the optional courses . a candidate may offer one course from M Phil programme from the department of Anthropology, education, sociology and physiology or any suitable department. The M. Phil studies will be into two distinct parts, part1 and part 2. Part1—-it consist of 3 courses, ie research methods in nursing, major aspects of nursing, allied disciplines Part2—-after passing the part1 examination, a student shall be required to write a dissertation.
The topic and the nature of the dissertation of each candidate will be determined by the advisory committee consist of 3 members. The dissertation may include results of original research, a fresh interpretation of existing facts, and date or a review article of critical nature of may take. DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY IN NURSING A candidate for admission to the course for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the faculties of medical science must have obtained an M Phil degree of a university or have a good academic record with first or second class masters degree of an Indian or a foreign university in the concerned subject.
The candidate shall apply to the university for the admission stating his qualifications and the subjects he proposes to investigate enclosing a statement on any work he may have done in the subject. every application for the admission of the course must be analyzed by the board of research studies. Board of research studies (medical sciences)- members- -dean and the head of the departments concerned -Principals/ head of institutions recognized for post graduate medical studies. -Two members nominated by the medical academic council -Three persons nominated by the medical faculty( for their special knowledge in the medical science
Eligibility criteria -The candidate should be post graduate in nursing with more than 55% of aggregates of marks -Should have research background May or may not published articles in journals -The course duration is far regular PhD course is 3 years and for part time is 4 years ROLE OF THE NURSE EDUCATOR The nursing educator provides direct health care to students and staff. The nurse provides care to students and staff who have been injured or who present with acute illnesses. Care may involve treatment of health problems within the scope of nursing practice, communication with parents for treatment, and referral to other providers.
The nurse uses the nursing process to assess, plan, implement, and evaluate care for students with chronic health conditions. This care should begin with the development of a nursing care plan (also known as an individualized health care plan) that should include an emergency action plan. The nurse is responsible for medication administration and the performance of health care procedures that are within the scope of nursing practice and are ordered by an appropriately licensed health care provider. The nurse also assists faculty and staff in monitoring chronic health conditions.
As the scope of nursing practice expands to utilize the increasingly complex technology needed to provide up-to-date care for clients, the school nurses body of knowledge grows through personal professional development. -The nursing educator provides leadership for the provision of health services. In addition to providing health services directly, the nurse must take into account the nature of the environment of the educational institution, including available resources. As the health care expert within the school, the school nurse assesses the overall system of care and develops a plan for assuring that health needs are met.
This leadership role includes developing a plan for responding to emergencies and disasters and training staff to respond appropriately. It also involves the appropriate delegation of care within applicable laws. Delegation to others involves initial assessment, training, competency validation, supervision, and evaluation by the school nurse. -The nursing educator provides screening and referral for health conditions. In order to address potential health problems that are barriers to learning or symptoms of underlying medical conditions, the school nurse often engages in screening activities.
Screening activities may include vision, hearing, postural, body mass index, or other screening. Determination of which screenings should be performed is based on several factors, including legal obligations, the validity of the screening test, the cost-effectiveness of the screening program, and the availability of resources to assure referral and follow-up. -The school nurse promotes a healthy school environment. The school nurse provides for the physical and emotional safety of the school community.
The school nurse monitors immunizations, assures appropriate exclusion from and re-entry into school, and reports communicable diseases as required by law. The school nurse provides leadership to the school in implementing precautions for blood borne pathogens and other infectious diseases. The school nurse also assesses the physical environment of the school and takes actions to improve health and safety. Such activities may include an assessment of the playground, indoor air quality evaluation, or a review of patterns of illness or injury to determine a source of concern.
Additionally, the school nurse addresses the emotional environment of the school to decrease conditions that may lead to bullying and violence and/or an environment not conducive to optimal mental health and learning. -The nursing educator helps in promoting health. The nursing educator provides health education by providing health information directly to individual students, groups of students, or classes or by providing guidance about the health education curriculum, encouraging comprehensive, sequential, and age appropriate information. They may also provide programs to staff, families, and the community on health topics.
Other health promotion activities may include health fairs for students, families, or staff, consultation with other school staff such as food service personnel or physical education teachers regarding healthy lifestyles, and staff wellness programs. The nurse is a member of the coordinated school health team that promotes the health and well-being of school members through collaborative efforts. -The nursing educator serves in a leadership role for health policies and programs. As the health care expert within the school system, the school nurse takes a leadership role in the development and evaluation of school health policies.
The nursing educator participates in and provides leadership to coordinated school health programs, crises/disaster management teams, and school health advisory councils. The school nurse promotes nursing as a career by discussions with students as appropriate, role modeling, and serving as a preceptor for student nurses or as a mentor for others beginning school nursing practice. Additionally, the school nurse participates in measuring outcomes or research, as appropriate, to advance the profession and advocates for programs and policies that positively affect the health of students or impact the profession of school nursing. The nursing educator serves as a liaison between school personnel, family, community, and health care providers. The nursing educator participates as the health expert on Individualized Education Plan and 504 teams and on student and family assistance teams. As case manager, the nurse communicates with the family through telephone calls, assures them with written communication and home visits as needed, and serves as a representative of the school community.
The nurse educator also communicates with community health providers and community health care agencies while ensuring appropriate confidentiality, develops community partnerships, and serves on community coalitions to promote the health of the community. The nurse educator may take on additional roles to meet the needs of the school community. CONCLUSION -Healthy children are successful learners. The nursing educator has a multi-faceted role within the educational setting, one that supports the physical, mental, emotional, and social health of students and their success in the learning process and thus make them successful for the nation.
ROLE OF NURSING EDUCATION:- TOWARD INDIVIDUAL:- EDUCATION AS GROWTH:- every child is immature at birth. He is to be deliberately trained for effective group life and social intercourse by a mature person. This is the task of education. In the words of Redden, ? Education is the deliberate and systematic influence, exerted by a mature person upon the immature, through instruction, discipline and harmonious development of physical, intellectual, aesthetic, social and spiritual powers of the human being, according to individual and social needs.?
A child must develop and grow naturally, even if he is not given any training. But in the words of Pestalozzi, ? when you carelessly leave the earth to nature, it bears weeds and thistles.? Similarly, if we leave the education of the child to the nature alone, he will develop only confused impressions on his senses. Growth is just only the enlargement of physical and mental organs of the child. This type of physical and mental growth will be according to physical environment of the child, without any proper course of training in the desired patterns of skills and habits.
Thus only environment or natural growth does not suffice. To this, systematic course of formal education or training must be added for the harmonious and integrated growth of the child. Factors responsible for the growth of the child are as follows:- i)Dependence ii)Adaptability Dependence:- Every child has the capacity to grow and develop. This development is possible because the child has in him the qualities of dependence and adaptability. The child depends upon other mature person for the satisfaction of his physical needs. This dependence decreases as the child grows older and older.
But dependence at this age is very useful and helpful for the child. He learns to obey and cooperate with others. This is a great social virtue when the child imbibes in a natural way. Thus dependence on others leads to his physical and social growth to a great extent. Then adaptability comes in. Adaptability:- every child tries to adjust himself to his environments. He learns a lot in his family and also from his own experiences in the family and in the neighbourhood. The knowledge, thus acquired by him, helps him greatly in adapting himself to situations and circumstances for the future.
Thus his quality of adaptability provides the child with the necessary power for developing habits and attitudes. If he is properly guided at this stage, he will develop right type of habits and attitudes, otherwise development there shall be, desirable or undesirable. Such guidance can be provided through a preplanned program of education. The program will modify and redirects the instincts of the child to such desirable channels, as will lead to his worthwhile, progressive and harmonious growth. The child will thus be enabled not only to adjust himself properly to his environment but also modify the same according to needs.
In the words of Bossing, ? the function of education is conceived to be the adjustment of man to his environment, which contemplated mans adaptation to and the reconstruction of his environment to the end that the most enduring satisfaction may accrue to the individual.? Type of growth needed:- As we have noted above, bare growth is not essential it should be growth toward the realization of higher values in life. This is possible only if there is balanced, harmonious and integrated growth in the child. Only one sided growth will not serve the urpose. We do not want a rash man of action who acts first and thinks afterward or a kind of man who develops his physical side to the neglet of all other faculties. He whole personality of the child should develop physically, intellectually, morally, socially, aesthetically and spiritually. Role of the teacher:- it is the teacher who is responsible for the integrated growth of the child. Like a gardener he will provide all suitable conditions and make all possible arrangements for the growth to take place.
For achieving this purpose, he has to set the stage, shift the scenes and supply the conditions according to the requirements of time. He has to keep in view that this growth is natural and harmonious. EDUCATION AS DIRECTION:- Direction is ? fixation of the activity into a proper response by elimination of unnecessary and confusing movements.? Every child is gifted with natural innate capacities and powers. His physical and social environment provides the child with stimulus for activity. When the immature child acts in response to stimulus, much of this superfluous energy is wasted.
This wastage can be saved if the child activity is properly directed toward an objective. In this way not only unnecessary movements are saved but activity also becomes purposeful. Importance of direction:- directed activity is also very helpful for further action and paves away for the continuity of right responses. This is the role of education. Proper direction will enable children to have worthy interests in different phases of life. They will start loving the worthy objects in life and hating the evil and unworthy ones. They will be directed toward the worthy goals of life , toward perfection and light.
This direction is beautifully emphasized in the Vedic prayer, lead me from untruth to truth, from darkness to light, and from mortality to immortality. In this way they will be able to choose the best in life. Types of direction:- Direction is of two types- external and internal. The environment which provides the child with the stimulus for his activity is external, while responses to that stimulus which proceed from his internal tendencies, are internal. Direction may also be personal and impersonal. Personal direction includes ridicule, disapproval and punishment.
It is meant for physical control only which is not educative. Its form may be verbal instructions and directions etc. impersonal direction however is more important. It is direction through example. The teacher is a good example for his pupils to follow. Such a direction will appeal to the mind and heart of the pupil and so it will have its desired effect. Thus in the proper development of the child, both internal and external factors must betaken into account. Just as laws alone cannot make the person law-binding, similarly external environment alone cannot help in the development of an individual.
Both the external laws and the internal tendency to be abided by them, will make a person truly law-binding. Role of the teacher:- the teacher in his program of direction, should take into account the external factor of environment as well as the inborn tendency of the child. Direction will, then, imply growth from within, brought about by the cooperation of the pupil and the teacher. It is, therefore, that Dewey explains education as ? that reconstruction or reorganization of experience which adds to the meaning of experience and which increases the ability to direct the course of subsequent experiences.?
The teacher should, therefore, provide real life situations and experiences, to be lived and practiced by his pupils. This type of program will ensure their smooth, natural and highest development. Main purpose of direction:- the main purpose of direction should be the inner realization of the goodness of thing. In the words of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, ? knowledge is not something to be packed away, in some corner of our brain but what enters into our being, colors our emotions, haunts our soul and is as close to us as life itself.
It is the over-mastering power which, through the intellect, moulds the whole personality, trains the emotions and disciplines the will.? Properly directed, pupils should always try to do good and feel an inner joy in doing so. A good deed should result from an inner urge and not from the fear of punishment or from the hope of reward. This is the real training of the rising generation in a democracy. EDUCATION AS PREPARATION OF INDIVIDUAL CHILD FOR RESPONSIBILITIES AND PRIVILIGES OF ADULT LIFE:- Children of today are adults of tomorrow.
It is, therefore, that preparation o individual child for responsibilities and privileges of adult life has been considered to be the chief role of education since very ancient times. In all ages, education has been equipping children with the necessary knowledge, power and training for successfully facing the problems of adult life, when they grow up and take their respective places as men and women with their community. Thus the present day capabilities and possibility should be fully utilized for the best preparation of the child for future life.
If throughout educational program, we can make the child present life as full and rich as possible, we shall be amply providing for his future to which he can look forward with hope and faith. Life is not static. It is continuously growing and developing. Therefore the best preparation for it can be achieved by developing the present potentialities of children and by making their present experiences as rich and meaningful as possible. ROLE TOWARD SOCIETY SOCIALIZATION:- Man is a social animal. He must live in and for society. It is, therefore, in the social environment that a child’s personality can develop best.
The individual becomes what he actually is, mainly as a result of interaction with his social environment. The older and mature members of the societypass on their own as well as their ancestors experiences, interests, findings, conclusions, traditions and attitudes to the younger and immature members of the society. All this has a great influence on the growth and development of younger generation. Thus the continuity of a society is maintained. ANCIENT SOCIAL ORDER AND EDUCATION:- In good old days, a child participated in the activities of his society and learnt interpersonal relationship of the group.
Through the daily experiences of his life, he gained knowledge of the relationship that existed between himself and his social environment. Social life in those days was very simple. So his family and community gave the child all the social education that he needed. As the cultural heritage became more extensive, it contained more information about skills, techniques and methods to be employed in order to make a better living. MODERN SOCIAL ORDER AND EDUCATION:- in course of time, the experiences became vast and varied and there was need for formal education.
Now social life has become very complicated and complex because of the development of means of transport and communication as well as advances in the field of science and technology. So home and society cannot provide all the necessary knowledge and skills to the young children. For this purpose, a new agency for imparting formal education, namely the school, has to be established. Now school has to provide ? total education? ?? education for knowledge, skills, attitudes, understanding, culture and for a proper orientation to the modern world. EDUCATION AS CONTINUOUS REORGANIZATION AND INTEGRATION OF
ACTIVITIES AND EXPERIENCES:- Child is active by nature. He cannot sit still. He must be busy in one activity or the other and this activity leads to his growth. It is, therefore, that growth never stops. It continues throughout life. Thus education not only provides the child with the rich sources of a good society but also induces him to make his own contribution to the maintenance and development of that society. EXPERIENCE AS THE BASIS OF EDUCATION:- Such a growth cannot be achieved by giving information alone. Opportunities must be provided to children to gain varied experiences.
The more varied the experience, the better the individual and the better the society. In the words of DJQ Cornor, ? if each generation had to learn for itself what has been learned by its predecessors, no sort of intellectual or social development would be possible and the present state of society would be little different from the society of the old stone age.? It is, therefore, that the rising generation is not only to receive the activities and experiences of the past generation and continue with them, but it is also to modify and reform those experiences by recognizing them to suit new conditions.
But experience should be recognized. True education is not satisfied if members of a society take up only the existing traditions, manners and customs. On the other hand, it is satisfied when the rising generation tries to establish a society which is an improvement over the existing one. Such an education will eliminate the unworthy features of our present day society and build up a better and happier one in its place, in accordance with new changes in social and physical conditions. Such an integration of the old and new, will make life dynamic and progressive. THREE PROMINENT FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION:- )conservative i. e. preserving all the old traditions, values, ideals, worthwile customs and way of living. ii)Transmitive i. e. transmitting the cultural heritage to the younger generation. iii)Progressive i. e. reconstructing new experiences, unfolding new dimensions of knowledge, developing new capacities in the individual and furthering civilization and culture. ROLE TOWARD NATION ROLE OF EDUCATION IN NATIONAL LIFE:- An individual cannot be separated from his nation. It is, therefore, correct to say that national progress depends upon the handwork, energy, selflessness and devotion of the individual.
And for inculcating all these qualities in the individual, education plays the important role. The framers of the Kothari Education Commission Report have rightly said that the destiny of India was being reshaped in its classrooms. Thus the following roles are:- Inculcation of civic and social responsibility:- the most important role of education in our national life is to make the rising generation understand its rights and duties as individual citizens of a democratic country. It is because the very existence and progress of a nation depend upon the proper education of the future generation.
It is through education that social traditions, ideals and values are passed on to the future generation because these strengthen democracy and reconstruct society. Training for leadership:- successful functioning of the democracy needs efficient leadership in all spheres of social, political, religious and educational activities. Thus the role of education is to develop qualities of leadership among the rising generation, for the service of the nation. Emotional integration:- India is a land of diversities. There are diversities of religion, caste, language, diet, dress, habits and physical environment.
It is the role of education to bring unity in this vast diversity. Therefore, the best interests of the nation can be served and preserved. National integration:- educational integration leads to national integration. We have to raise our people from local narrow prejudices of caste, community, region and provincialism to a broad national outlook. This is in the domain of education. In the words of Dr. S Radhakrishnan, ? IfIndia is to remain free and united, democratic education should????????. People for unity and not for localism, for democracy and not for dictatorship.
Thus education is a mighty force to foster and develop national character.? BIBLIOGRAPHY 1) Neerja. KP; Textbook of Nursing Education 2005. 1st edition, Noida, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (p) Ltd. 2) http://www bepress. com/ ijnes/accessibility. html 3) http://Kentucky. gov/policy/accessibility. html 4) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/category:Professional_titles 5) http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos083. html 6) http://www3. interscience. wiley. comn/privacy. html 7) Basavanthappa B. T. ; Nursing education; Jaypee Brothers; Ch- 2,5; Pp- 21-22, 71-76