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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction Time management is very important as time is finite. How do students control workload and make time for success? Colleges students will probably do not have proper time management. Today, students have a lot of assignments, tests, and exams. Students might not know the techniques to manage time effectively and efficiently. Effective time management can help students to reduce stress and frustration. Besides, it can also help students to gain confidence in their work. This can ensure that they have a healthier and happier life because there will be no worries for the day.
However, students tend to delay their work and only do it at the eleventh hour. This could be due that some students who only feel motivated to do the work when it is urgent. Generally, it is felt that female have better time management as compared to male. This is because it is believed that female is more responsible than male in terms of doing a task or work. Other than that, it is also felt that students do not realise that time management is very important. There are a lot of other things that usually attract students’ attention and distract them.
For example, playing computer games, shopping and hanging out with friends are some of the activities that distract students. Due to this, students must be able to control their time effectively and efficiently to avoid distractions. 2. Purpose The objectives of this research are: 1. To differentiate how male and female students manage their time. 2. To find out if there is a significant difference in terms of attitudes towards time management between the genders. 3. To provide possible recommendations on how time should be managed properly. 1. 3 Research Question and Hypothesis
It is hypothesised that female undergraduate students have better time management as compared to male undergraduate students. The research questions for this study will be: 1. What are the significant difference of attitudes between male and female? 2. What are the significant relationship between gender and attitudes towards time management? 1. 4 Subjects and Procedure The participants for this study are defined as all School of Business March 2010 Intake Students. 50 questionnaires were distributed equally among female and male students on 2nd of June 2010. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 1 Introduction Time management is important for everybody. Whether that particular person is a college student or a working person, it is important for them to master the time management skills. This section of the literature review will discuss the advantages of time management, different gender’s attitudes towards time management, reasons why students procrastinate and also time management techniques. 2. 2 Advantages of time management Time management provides a wide range of benefits to the users. One of the advantages of time management is that it reduces stress.
College students often face stress when they do not manage their time effectively. Orr (2008) stated that when students manage their time effectively, they will have a well planned schedule. With this, they will face less pressure and stress because they know when they will be able to complete their tasks or assignments. This is because they know how to allocate and use their time efficiently. However, when every assignment needs to be completed on the same week and there is no timetable, student will find that he or she is cluttered in a mess of what he or she needs to do.
Other than that, time management also gives the students a sense of achievement and satisfaction. Orr (2008) claimed that this satisfaction is achieved when students set goals and have proper timetable. They would feel satisfied when they have finished the part of the tasks for the day. Besides that, this would lead to better productivity as they did not rush when doing tasks and assignment. They do not need to worry about the limited times because they have already planned what to do. This would help the students to gain more confidence in life when they have accomplished a task.
Furthermore, Haynes (2001) stated that when time is being managed properly, students will have more time to spend with their families and friends. They would have extra time to improve and initiate interpersonal relationships. In addition, he also claimed that students would have more time to read extra reading materials, study new subjects and learn more about current issues. With this, they would gain more knowledge to think critically. 2. 3 Gender Differences in Time Management Male and female students often have different attitudes towards their work and studies.
It is often felt that male students have less control of their time management as compared to female students. This is because the male students may be easily distracted by influences of computer games and friends compared to female students. Pychyl (2009) conducted a study on the gender differences in the big five personality traits and their time management. The results revealed that females scored higher on time management as compared to the males. Females were also more conscientious in their work as compared to males.
This shows that female students have better control of their time as compared to male students. Milgram and Tenne (2000) stated that the amount of the person procrastinates is determined by the personality trait. Similarly, Hampton (2005) also conducted a survey on the students in Capital University to measure the students’ level of procrastination. The research found that there was a significant difference between male and female procrastination level which was 24. 94 for male and 22. 7 for female. This shows that male procrastinates more than the female. 2. Reasons why Students Procrastinate Procrastination is defined as the act of putting a task or assignment aside that should be done. College students often delay their assignments and only do it at the eleventh hour. In the end, the students ended up getting stress because they are afraid that they cannot finish the assignment on time. With this, they will keep rushing their work and will eventually lead to poor work quality. There are many reasons why students tend to procrastinate. Kay (2003) stated that students procrastinate because the tasks are too heavy; thus, they dislike the tasks.
Students enjoyed playing computer games than completing assignments. This is because students prefer to have immediate rewards. Whitney (n. d. ) (cited in Bergman, 2003) claimed that academic work has more long term benefits whereas procrastination has more short term benefits. Besides that, students tend to procrastinate when they do not have an interest in the work because they like doing other activities than completing assignments. Other than that, Kay (2003) also pointed out that fear of failure is also one of the factors why students procrastinate.
He stated that this is because they do not have a strong understanding on the objectives of the task. They fail to understand the requirement of the assignment. In addition, students might also have limited skills, abilities and knowledge to complete the task. Whitney (n. d. ) claimed that the students are afraid of failing and they doubt their ability to complete the assignment. With this, they delay their work and only deal with it last minute. 2. 5 Time Management Techniques There are a lot of ways which students can learn in order to manage their time efficiently and effectively.
Although time management is difficult, it is a skill that needs to be mastered by every student. The following discusses in detail about how this skills can be practiced by students. 2. 5. 1 Use student planner or calendar Gladen (2008) stated that students can use a student planner or calendar to plan their schedule as no one can remember everything without listing it out. Students can schedule events, assignments, breaks and tasks in the appropriate time slots. With this, they will not get confuse and lost. Students can also focus their time and energy on tasks that are more important.
This is because tough assignments might need a longer time to finish as students need to search, read resources and consult a lecturer. 2. 5. 2 Plan to enjoy Students should plan some time to enjoy themselves so that they will not feel overwhelmed. Stress can affect students’ performance in studies. Mancini (2007) stated that students who manage their time well will have time to enjoy. If students have less stress and pressure during studying, they will have a clearer mind to deal with problems. With this, students will be more committed to the tasks and assignments.
However, students should not place too much time to enjoy as they might neglect some important tasks. 2. 5. 3 Do work on Time ’57 Time Management Hacks for College Students’ stated that procrastination is one of the reasons that causes students to fail to manage time. This is because when students delay work, they might not be able to finish those tasks and assignments on time. Students might face the problem of having too much to do when they procrastinate. There are a lot of distraction that distract students’ attention such as computer games, hanging out with friends, and shopping. 2. 5. Set Goals Dartmouth College (2008) stated that it is important for students to set goals. Goals must be attainable, written, accountable and with deadlines. Students must be aware of their goals in order to manage their time effectively. Kay (2003) pointed out that goals should be SMART which is specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time based. Goals can assist students in prioritising their activities and tasks. Students must always know what they are trying to achieve in short or long term. This can make sure that students were doing the right thing at the right time. 2. 6 Conclusion
Time management is very important for the students because it will give them a lot of benefits in the short term and long term. Students should also identify the reasons why they procrastinate and find ways to solve it. Other than that, there is also a significant difference in genders’ attitudes towards time management. Therefore, they should master the time management skills. From this, it is common to see that students often complain that they do not have sufficient time to complete the assignments due to the distractions mentioned above. Previous research has also proven that female students have better time management than male students.
Therefore, a research is conducted on School Of Business March Intake students in Sunway University College. Its purpose is to find out if there is any significant difference between gender and attitudes toward time management. Besides that, this research also intends to provide possible recommendations to the students on how to manage their time properly. With this, questionnaires were distributed among students and the findings will be discussed in the following chapters. CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS 3. 1 Time allocation to complete assignments Figure 1: Time allocation to complete assignment
Figure 1 shows the time allocation of respondents to complete assignments and tutorials. It intends to find out whether the respondents from the School of Business have sufficient time to complete their assignments and tutorials. The vertical axis shows the percentage of respondents and the horizontal axis shows the gender. Respondents were to choose between ‘yes’ and ‘no’ in the questionnaire given to them. As can be seen from the chart, 64% of the male respondents agree that they do not have sufficient time to complete the assignments and tutorials whereas 36% of male respondents do not agree on that.
On the other hand, 80% of female respondents feel that they do not have sufficient time to complete their assignments and tutorials whilst 20% of female respondents think that they have enough time on completing their assignments and tutorials. 3. 2 Weekly Planning Figure 2: Weekly planning Figure 2 shows respondents’ weekly planning. It aims to find out whether or not the respondents from School of Business plan out what needs to be done each week. The vertical axis shows the percentage of respondents and the horizontal axis shows the gender. Respondents were given three choices in the questionnaire, which are ‘yes’, ‘no’ and ‘sometimes’.
It can be seen from the chart that 20% of male respondents always plan out what needs to be done each week, 28% of then do not plan and 52% of them sometimes will do weekly planning. Other than that, from the 25 female respondents, 32% will do their weekly planning, but 16% of female respondents do not do so and only 52% of them sometimes do their weekly planning. 3. 3 Usage of Student planner/calendar In Completing Assignment Figure 3: Usage of student planner/calendar in completing assignment Figure 3 shows the usage of student planner or calendar by the respondents from School of Business in completing their assignment.
The vertical axis shows the percentage of respondents and the horizontal axis shows the gender. Respondents were given three choices in the questionnaire, which are ‘yes’, ‘no’ and ‘sometimes’ As can be seen from the chart, out of the 25 male respondents, 28% of them use student planner or calendar to record the due dates of their assignments and exam but 52% of them do not use at all. Moreover, from the 25 female respondents, 72% of them use student planner or calendar to record the due dates and only 12% of them do not do so.
However, 20% of the male respondents and 16% of the female respondents will only record the due dates sometimes. 3. 4 Delaying of assignments to the last minute Figure 4: Delaying of assignments to the last minute Figure 4 shows respondents’ reaction towards delaying assignments to the last minute. The vertical axis shows the percentage of respondents and the horizontal axis shows the gender. Respondents were given three choices in the questionnaire, which are ‘yes’, ‘no’ and ‘depends’.
It can be seen from the chart, 48% of the male respondents agree that they always delay their assignments to the last minute and only 24% of the male respondents do not do so. Besides that, 32% of the female respondents agree that they often delay their assignments to the last minute and only 20% of them do not do so. However, 28% of male respondents and 48% of female respondents say that they will delay their assignments depending on the situation. 3. 5 Reaction towards unusual/difficult task Figure 5: Reaction towards unusual/difficult task Figure 5 shows the respondents’ reactions towards unusual and difficult task.
The vertical axis shows the percentage of respondents and the horizontal axis shows the gender. The respondents were given three choices in the questionnaire, which are ‘I will put it aside and only deal with it until the last minute’, ‘I will ask for consultation from the lecturer or friends’, and ‘I will try to deal with it myself’. As can be seen from the chart, 8% of the male respondents agree that they will put it aside and only deal with it until the last minute, and 60% of them say that they will ask for consultation from their lecturer or friends.
However, 32% of male respondents will try to deal with it themselves. Apart from that, only 16% of the female respondents will put the task aside and only deal with it until the last minute and 80% of them will ask for consultation from the lecturer or friends. However, only 4% will try to deal with it themselves. 3. 6 Priorities to assignments Figure 6: Priorities to assignments Figure 6 shows the method used by respondents when assigning priorities to their assignments. The vertical axis shows the percentage of respondents and the horizontal axis shows the gender.
The respondents were given three choices in the questionnaire, which are ‘easiest to the most difficult task’, ‘give priorities to the closest deadlines’ and ‘I only do it few days before the deadline’. It can be seen from the chart, 20% of the male respondents agree that they will assign priorities to the easiest task first and 56% of them will assign priorities to the closest deadlines. Besides that, 24% of the male respondents will only do the assignment few days before the deadline. From 25 female respondents, 24% of them will assign priorities from the easiest to the most difficult task. 4% of the female respondents will give priorities to the closest deadlines and only 12% of the respondents will only do the assignment few days before the deadline. 3. 7 Respondents’ feelings when not studying/putting effort in assignments Figure 7: Respondents’ feelings when not studying/putting effort in assignments Figure 7 shows the respondents’ feelings when they did not study or did not put effort in their assignments. The vertical axis shows the percentage of respondents and the horizontal axis shows the gender. Respondents were to choose between ‘yes’ and ‘no’ in the questionnaire given to them.
As can be seen from the chart, 76% of the male respondents agree that they will feel guilty for not studying and not putting effort in their assignments. However, 24% of the male respondents will not feel guilty. Other than that, 92% of the female respondents agree that they will feel guilty and only 8% will not feel guilty. 3. 8 Study/do revision Figure 8: Study/do revision Figure 8 above shows how often the respondents study or do their revision. The vertical axis shows the percentage of respondents and the horizontal axis shows the gender.
The respondents were given three choices in the questionnaire, which are ‘I only study during examinations’, ‘I study frequently’ and ‘it depends on my mood’. It can be seen from the chart, 48% of the male respondents will only study during examinations and only 8% of them study frequently. Furthermore, from the 25 female respondents, only 12% will study during examination and only 20% of them will study frequently. However, only 44% of the male respondents and 68% of the female respondents will only study depending on their mood. 3. 9 Time spent on Leisure and Entertainment Figure 9: Time spent on leisure and entertainment
Figure 9 shows the total time respondents spent on leisure and entertainment. The vertical axis shows the percentage of respondents and the horizontal axis shows the gender. Respondents were given three choices in the questionnaire, which are ‘1-3 hours’, ‘4-6 hours’, and ‘7-9 hours’. It can be seen from the chart, 40% of the male respondents spent 1-3 hours on leisure and entertainment while 32% of them spent 4-6 hours. Only 28% of the male respondents spent 7-9 hours on their leisure and entertainment. Apart from that, 36% of the female respondents spent 1-3 hours on leisure and entertainment and 52% of them spent 4-6 hours.
However, only 12% of the female respondents spent 7-9 hours on leisure and entertainment. 3. 10 Methods used to deal with pressure Figure 10: Methods used to deal with pressure Figure 10 shows the methods respondents used to deal with pressure. The vertical axis shows the number of respondents and the horizontal axis shows the gender. The respondents were given six choices in the questionnaire, which are ‘exercise’, ‘meditation’, ‘share problems with families and friends’, ‘listening to music’, ‘go shopping’, and ‘others’. Students were only allowed to tick one option.
As can be seen from the chart, 36% of the male respondents will exercise to release their pressure and only 4% will do meditation. 16% of the male respondents will share problems with their families and friends, and 28% will listen to music. However, no male respondent will go shopping to release tension. 16% of the male respondents choose other methods to release their stress, such as clubbing, sing and play games. Other than that, 8% of the female respondents will go exercise and only 4% will do meditation to release their pressure.
However, 16% of the female respondents will share their problems with their families and friends and 16% will go shopping. However, 26% of the female respondents will listen to music to relax and 20% of them choose other methods to release stress, such as sleep, play social network websites such as Facebook and watch movie. CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION From the research carried out, most of the findings showed that female respondents had better time management than male respondents. 4. 1 Time allocation to complete assignments
From the chart, the percentage of male and female respondents agree that they often feel that they do not have sufficient time to complete their assignments and tutorials are 64% and 80% respectively, whereas the percentage of male and female respondents do not agree on this statement is 36% and 20% respectively. Most of the respondents agree that they often feel that they do not have sufficient time to complete their assignments and tutorials because they have too many subjects and assignments. Besides that, when they are busy with their assignments, they have no time to complete their tutorials.
However, the percentage of female respondents agrees that they do not have enough time on completing their assignments and tutorials are higher than the percentage of the male respondents. This is because of female respondents are more particular and intend to do the best for their assignments as compared to male respondents. In order to do a more perfect report, they have to do more research and readings on the assignment which will use up a lot of time. Based on the findings of the research, respondents should allocate time for their tutorials and assignments.
They should create a timetable to schedule events, assignments, tutorials and breaks in the appropriate time slots. 4. 2 Weekly Planning As can be seen from the chart, the percentage of both male and female respondents who ticked ‘Sometimes’ as whether they plan out what needs to be done each week is the same, which is 52%. Besides that, the percentage of male and female respondents that plan out what needs to be done each week are 20% and 32% respectively, while the percentage of respondents that do not do their weekly planning are 28% and 16% for the male and female respectively.
From the data, this shows that more female respondents will do weekly planning. This is because females are more particular and conscientious in their studies. However, males are less conscientious in their studies and weekly planning because they felt that it is not necessary to do so. This statement was proved by Pychyl (2009) and was discussed in the literature review of this research report. Based on the findings of the research, the respondents should plan out what needs to be done each week. This could be done by planning out which subjects to study and when to have leisure for the week. 4. Usage of Student planner/calendar In Completing Assignment It can be seen from the chart that the percentage of female respondents (72%) that will use a calendar or student planner to record due dates of assignments and examinations is more than male respondents (28%). Other than that, the percentage of male respondents (52%) that do not use a calendar or student planner is higher than the percentage of female respondents (12%). This could be because females are more attentive to details. They are afraid that they may forget or miss out the due dates of their assignments and examinations as this might affect their results.
Besides that, most of the males always leave their work to the last minute and do not bother about recording down the deadlines of assignment as they can ask or get from their friends when needed. Based on the findings of the research, the respondents should use a student planner or calendar in completing assignment. This is to prevent them from forgetting the due dates of the assignments and avoid procrastination. 4. 4 Delaying of assignments to the last minute From the graph, it is shown that most of the male respondents (48%) prefer to delay their assignments to the last minute.
Only a few female respondents (32%) choose to delay their work. On the other hand, 28% of male respondents and 48% of female respondents think that they will only delay their assignments depending to the situation. The reason most males delay their work is most likely because they think that the deadline of assignments are still far away and they can afford to procrastinate. Besides that, they may not have ideas on how to start with their assignments and this causes them to lose their mood to do the assignments. It could also be due to the distractions from the internet and other activities.
On the other hand, most of the respondents said that they will delay their assignments depending on the situation because they think that they do not have enough time to complete all the assignments at the same time. However, students should not procrastinate as this will increase their burden. Based on the findings of the research, the respondents should plan their schedule for the assignments properly. They should not delay the assignments to the last minute to avoid poor quality of work. Besides that, they should set a deadline for themselves in order to complete the assignments earlier. 4. Reaction towards unusual/difficult task As can be seen from the chart, both male (60%) and female (80%) respondents have high percentage for the option of asking for consultation from the lecturer or friends when they face an unusual and difficult task. However, 32% of the male respondents and only 4% of the female respondents will deal with the unusual and difficult task by themselves. Both male and female respondents chose to ask for consultation from the lecturers because they want to have a better idea on what is the requirement of the assignments. Furthermore, they would also feel secure after getting consultations from them.
They would not be afraid of providing wrong information for the assignment. Other than that, they will also get more idea and information by discussing the assignments with their friends. With this, students will have better solutions when faced with an unusual task rather than dealing it themselves. This is why the percentage of respondents who chose to deal with it themselves is lower. Based on the findings of the research, students are encouraged to ask for consultation from the lecturers and friends to get a better idea of the assignments. They should see the lecturer when they are facing difficulties.
They should understand that seeking help from others is better than dealing it alone. 4. 6 Priorities to assignments It can be seen from the chart that most of the male (56%) and female (64%) respondents agree that they give priorities to the assignment that has the closest deadline. Besides that, 20% of the male respondents and 24% of the female respondents will give priorities to the easiest assignment to the most difficult assignment. Most of the respondents chose to give priorities to the closest deadline because those are the ones that need to be submit first.
They want to focus on the ones that have the closest deadline to avoid late submission. This is because they are afraid that their marks will be deducted. On the other hand, some of the respondents will give priorities to the easiest to the most difficult assignment because they have ideas on how to complete the simple assignment. Other than that, they could also decrease their burden by finishing the easiest assignment first. With this, they will have more time to gather information for the difficult task.
Based on the findings of the research, students should make use of the resources provided by the library such as E-database, books and videos to help them deal with the difficult tasks. Besides that, Google Scholar can also help the students to find reliable information for their assignments. 4. 7 Respondents’ feelings when not studying/putting effort in assignments According to the chart, the percentage of female respondents who feel guilty for not studying and not putting effort in the assignments is higher than that of male respondents, which are 92% of females as compared to 76% f males. The percentage for female who feel guilty for not studying is higher than male because males are less conscientious. In addition, males tend to procrastinate more than females. This statement was proved by a survey conducted by Hampton (2005) which was also mentioned in the literature review. Based on the findings of the research, students should put more effort in their assignments to get better results. This would also make them feel less guilty and provide them a key to a better future. 4. 8 Study/do revision
As shown in the chart, the percentages of respondents that study frequently are 8% for the males and 20% for the females. However, the percentage of male respondents (48%) who only study during examinations is much higher than that of female respondents (12%). From this data, it is clear that female respondents have better time management compared to male respondents. This is because the percentage of female respondents who study frequently is higher than the male respondents. Furthermore, the data had also showed that more male respondents will study during examination compared to female respondents.
In addition, female respondents have better time management because they do not procrastinate so much as compared to the males. They also believed that if they study frequently, they will be able to catch up with the studies and will have better results in the examination. Based on the findings of the research, students should study frequently and should avoid studying during examinations. Most of the students who chose to study during examinations often have to study until the midnight. This is not healthy for the students as they should have enough sleep in order to be able to answer the questions the next day.
They should also understand that if they study frequently, they will be more prepared for the examinations. With this, their results will be improved too. 4. 9 Time spent on Leisure and Entertainment According to the chart, the percentages of respondents that spend 1-3 hours on leisure and entertainment for the males and females are 40% and 36% respectively. Apart from that, the percentage of female respondents (52%) spends 4-6 hours on leisure and entertainment is higher than the male respondents (32%). However, 28% of the males and 12% of the females spend 7-9 hours on leisure and entertainment.
From the data shown, it can be concluded that males are willing to spend more time on leisure and entertainment compared to females. This is because males often felt that they have a lot of time left for their assignments. They also often felt that the examination dates are still very long. This means that males afford to procrastinate more than females. However, the most time that males and females are willing to spend on leisure and entertainment is 1-3 hours. This is because most of the students spend most of their time in the college.
They have to attend lectures and tutorials everyday which had used up a lot of their time. Based on the findings of the research, the respondents should allocate their time properly for leisure and studies. They should know when to spend time for leisure and studies. In addition, the students should also control the total time spent on leisure and entertainment. If they have a lot of tests and assignments, they should spend less time on leisure and entertainment. With this, they will be able to focus more on their studies and have lesser stress. . 10 Methods used to deal with pressure As can be seen in the chart, 26% of the male respondents prefer to exercise to release their pressure as compared to 8% of the female respondents. On the other hand, there are 16% of the female respondents who release their pressure by shopping but none of the male respondents will do so. Moreover, 16% of the total respondents chose to share their problems with their families and friends. From the data, it can be seen that both male and female respondents have their own methods to deal with pressure.
There are more males who prefer to choose exercise as a form of relaxation because they felt that it is the best way to release stress. On the other hand, there are more females who prefer to go shopping because it is always known as females’ hobbies. In addition, most of the respondents prefer to share their problems with their families and friends because it could help them to lessen their burden. By telling others about their problems, they will feel better and have lesser stress. Furthermore, they could also get advice from them after sharing their problems.
Based on the findings of the research, the respondents should find a proper way to release their stress. There are many ways to release stress such as going shopping, exercise, playing computer games and watching movies. Students must learn to handle their stress to maintain a good health of the body. They should understand that they are not the only ones who are faced with this kind of challenges. They must stay strong and learn to cope with it. Besides that, if the problems continue to be serious, students could seek help from the counselors, families or friends. Conclusion
From the survey that has been conducted on the students, it is clear that most of the female respondents have better time management than male respondents. This is because there were more female respondents who will carry out their weekly planning compared to males. Other than that, there were also more females who record their due dates of assignments in the calendar and student planner. In addition, most of the females also dislike delaying their assignments to the last minute. Most of the females also study frequently and spend lesser time on leisure and entertainment as compared to males.
In conclusion, the hypothesis of this research which is female undergraduate students has better time management as compared to male undergraduate students is accepted. REFERENCES Bergman, B. (2003). Guilt-Free Goofing Off. Maclean’s, vol. 30, no. 116, pp. 38-39. [Online], Available at: http://www. ithaca. edu/library [Accessed: 8 June 2010] College@Home (2010) 57 Time Management Hacks For College Students, [Online], Available at: http://www. collegeathome. com/blog/2008/05/21/57-time-management-hacks-for-college-students/ [Accessed: 8 June 2010]
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