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A job hazard analysis (SHAH) is a procedure which helps integrate accepted safety and health principles and practices into a particular operation. In a SHAH, each basic step of the job is examined to identify potential hazards and to determine the safest way to do the job. Other terms used to describe this procedure are job safety analysis OSHA) and job hazard breakdown. Some individuals prefer to expand the analysis into all aspects of the job, not just safety. This approach, known as total job analysis, job analysis or task analysis, is based on the idea that safety is an integral part of every job and not a separate entity.
In this document, only health and safety aspects will be considered. The terms “job” and “task” are commonly used interchangeably to mean a specific work assignment, such as “operating a grinder,” “using a pressurized water extinguisher,” or “changing a flat tire. ” Shahs are not suitable for jobs defined too broadly, for example, “overhauling an engine”; or too narrowly, for example, “positioning car jack. ” What are the benefits of doing a Job Hazard Analysis? The method used in this example is to observe a worker actually perform the job.
The major advantages of this method include that it does not rely on individual memory and that the process prompts recognition of hazards. For infrequently performed or new jobs, observation may not be practical. With these, one approach is to have a group of experienced workers and supervisors complete the analysis through discussion. An advantage of this method is that more people are involved allowing for a wider base of experience and promoting a more ready acceptance of the resulting work procedure. Members of the joint occupational safety and health committee should participate in this process.
Initial benefits from developing a SHAH will become clear in the preparation stage. The analysis process may identify previously undetected hazards and increase the job knowledge of those participating. Safety and health awareness is raised, communication between workers and supervisors is improved, and acceptance of safe work procedures is promoted. The completed SHAH, or better still, a written work procedure based on it, can form the basis for regular contact between supervisors and workers on health and safety. It can serve as a teaching aid for initial job training and as a briefing guide for infrequent jobs.
It may be used as a standard for health and safety inspections or observations and it will assist in implementing comprehensive accident investigations. What are the four basic steps? Four basic stages in conducting a SHAH are: selecting the job to be analyzed breaking the job down into a sequence of steps identifying potential hazards determining preventive measures to overcome these hazards What is important to know when “selecting the job”? Ideally, all jobs should be subjected to a SHAH. In some cases there are practical constraints posed by the amount of time and effort required to do a SHAH.
Another consideration is that each SHAH will require revision whenever equipment, raw trials, processes, or the environment change. For these reasons, it is usually necessary to identify which jobs are to be analyzed. Even if analysis of all jobs is planned, this step ensures that the most critical jobs are examined first. Factors to be considered in assigning a priority for analysis of jobs include: Accident frequency and severity: jobs where accidents occur frequently or where they occur infrequently but result in disabling injuries.
Potential for severe injuries or illnesses: the consequences of an accident, hazardous condition, or exposure to harmful substance are potentially severe. Newly established jobs: due to lack of experience in these jobs, hazards may not be evident or anticipated. Modified jobs: new hazards may be associated with changes in job procedures. Infrequently performed jobs: workers may be at greater risk when undertaking non-routine jobs, and a SHAH provides a means of reviewing hazards. How do I break the job into “basic steps”? After a job has been chosen for analysis, the next stage is to break the job into steps.
A job step is defined as a segment of the operation necessary to advance the work. See examples below. Care must be taken not to make the steps too mineral, thereby missing specific steps and their associated hazards. On the other hand, if they are too detailed, there will be too many steps. A rule of thumb is that most jobs can be described in less than ten steps. If more steps are required, you might want to divide the job into two segments, each with its separate SHAH, or combine steps where appropriate. As an example, the job of changing a flat tire will be used in this document.
An important point to remember is to keep the steps in their correct sequence. Any step which is out of order may miss potential hazards or introduce hazards which do not actually exist. Each step is recorded in sequence. Make notes about what is done rather than how it is done. Each item is started with an action verb. Appendix A illustrates a format which can be used as a worksheet in preparing a SHAH. Job steps are recorded in the left hand column, as shown below: Sequence of Events Potential Accidents or Hazards Preventive Measures Park vehicle Remove spare and tool kit Pry off hub cap and loosen lug bolts (nuts).
And so on….. This part of the analysis is usually prepared by watching the worker do the job. The observer is normally the immediate supervisor but a more thorough analysis often happens by having another person, preferably a member of the joint occupational health and safety committee, participate in the observation. Key points are less likely to be missed in this way. The worker to be observed should be experienced and capable in all parts of the job. To strengthen full co-operation and participation, the reason for the exercise must be clearly explained.
The SHAH is neither a time and motion study in disguise, nor an attempt to uncover individual unsafe acts. The job, not the individual, is being studied in an effort to make it safer by identifying hazards and making modifications to eliminate or reduce them. The worker’s experience can be important in making improvements. The job should be observed during normal times and situations. For example, if a job is routinely done only at night, the SHAH review should also be done at night. Similarly, only regular tools and equipment should be used.
The only difference from normal operations is the fact that the worker is being observed. When completed, the breakdown of steps should be discussed by all the participants (always including the worker) to make that all basic steps have been noted and are in the correct order. How do “identify potential hazards”? Once the basic steps have been recorded, potential hazards must be identified at each step. Based on observations of the job, knowledge of accident and injury causes, and personal experience, list the things that could go wrong at each step. A second observation of the job being performed may be needed.
Since the basic steps have already been recorded, more attention can now be focused on potential hazards. At this stage, no attempt is made to solve any problems which may have been detected. To help identify potential hazards, the job analyst may SE questions such as these ( this is not a complete list): Can any body part get caught in or between objects? Do tools, machines, or equipment present any hazards? Can the worker make harmful contact with objects? Can the worker slip, trip, or fall? Can the worker suffer strain from lifting, pushing, or pulling? Is the worker exposed to extreme heat or cold?
Is excessive noise or vibration a problem? Is there a danger from falling objects? Is lighting a problem? Can weather conditions affect safety? Is harmful radiation a possibility? Can contact be made with hot, toxic, or caustic substances? Are there dusts, mums, mists, or vapors in the air? Potential hazards are listed in the middle column of the worksheet, numbered to match the corresponding job step. For example: Sequence of Events a) Vehicle too close to passing traffic b) Vehicle on uneven, soft ground c) Vehicle may roll. A) Strain from lifting spare. ) Hub cap may pop off and hit you b) Lug wrench may slip Again, all participants should jointly review this part of the analysis. How do I “determine preventive measures? ” The final stage in a SHAH is to determine ways to eliminate or control the hazards identified. The generally accepted measures, in order of preference, are: 1. Eliminate the hazard This is the most effective measure. These techniques should be used to eliminate the hazards: Choose a different process Modify an existing process Substitute with less hazardous substance Improve environ meet (ventilation) Modify or change equipment or tools 2.
Contain the hazard If the hazard cannot be eliminated, contact might be prevented by using enclosures, machine guards, worker booths or similar devices. 3. Revise work procedures Consideration might be given to modifying steps which are hazardous, changing the sequence of steps, or adding additional steps (such as locking out energy resources). 4. Reduce the exposure These measures are the least effective and should only be used if no other solutions are possible. One way of minimizing exposure is to reduce the number of times the hazard is encountered.
An example would be modifying machinery so that less maintenance is necessary. The use of appropriate personal protective equipment may be required. To reduce the severity of an accident, emergency facilities, such as eyewash stations, may need to be provided. In listing the preventive measures, use of general statements such as “be careful” or “use caution” should be avoided. Specific statements which describe both what action is to be taken and how it is to be performed are preferable. The recommended measures are listed in the right hand column of the worksheet, numbered to match the hazard in question.
For example: Sequence of Events a) Drive to area well clear of traffic. Turn on emergency flashers b)Choose a firm, level area c) Apply the parking brake; leave transmission in gear or in PARK; place blocks in front and back of the wheel diagonally opposite to the flat Remove spare and tool kit a) Turn spare into upright position in the wheel well. Using your legs and tanning as close as possible, lift spare out of truck and roll to flat tire. Pry off hub cap and loosen lug bolts (nuts). A) Pry off hub cap using steady pressure b) Use proper lug wrench; apply steady pressure slowly. ) How should I make the information available to everyone else? SHAH is a useful technique for identifying hazards so that measures can be taken to eliminate or control them. Once the analysis is completed, the results must be communicated to all workers who are, or will be, performing that job. The side-by-side format used in SHAH worksheets is not an ideal one for instructional purposes. Better exults can be achieved by using a narrative-style format. For example, the work procedure based on the partial SHAH developed as an example in this document might start out like this: 1. Park vehicle. ) Drive vehicle off the road to an area well clear of traffic, even if it requires rolling on a flat tire. Turn on the emergency flashers to alert passing drivers so that they will not hit you. B) Choose a firm, level area so that you can jack up the vehicle without it rolling. C) Apply the parking brake, leave the transmission in gear or PARK, place blocks in front and back of the wheel diagonally opposite he flat. These actions will also help prevent the vehicle from rolling. 2. Remove spare and tool kit. A) To avoid back strain, turn the spare up into an upright position in its well.
Stand as close to the trunk as possible and slide the spare close to your body. Lift out and roll to flat tire. 3. Pry off hub cap, loosen lug bolts (nuts). A) Pry off hub cap slowly with steady pressure to prevent it from popping off and striking you. B) Using the proper lug wrench, apply steady pressure slowly to loosen the lug bolts (nuts) so that the wrench will not slip and hurt your knuckles. 4. And so on. Job Safety Analysis OSHA) Definition: Job Safety Analysis OSHA) is a method that can be used to identify, analyze and record: The steps involved in performing a specific job.
The existing or potential safety and health hazards associated with each step. The recommended action(s)/procedure(s) that will eliminate or reduce these hazards and the risk of a workplace injury or illness. Hazard Types: The following hazards should be considered when completing a AS: The existing or potential safety and health hazards associated with each step. Impact with a falling or flying object. Penetration of sharp objects. Caught in or between a stationary/moving object. Falls from an elevated work platform, ladders or stairs. Excessive lifting, twisting, pushing, pulling, reaching, or bending.
Exposure to vibrating power tools, excessive noise, cold or heat, or harmful levels of gases, vapors, liquids, fumes, or dusts. Repetitive motion. Electrical hazard. Light (optical) radiation (i. E. , welding operations, laser surveying, etc. ). Water (potential for drowning or fungal infections caused by wetness). Conducting the Analysis: 1. Select jobs with the highest risk for a workplace injury or illness. 2. Select an experienced employee who is willing to be observed. Involve the employee and his/her immediate supervisor in the process. 3.
Identify and record each step necessary to accomplish the task. Use an action verb (i. E. Pick up, turn on) to describe each step. 4. Identify all actual or potential safety and health hazards associated with each task. 5. Determine and record the recommended action(s) or procedure(s) for performing each step that will eliminate or reduce the hazard (i. E. Engineering changes, job rotation, PEP, etc. ). Sample AS: Trash Compacting Mauricio County Parks Trash compacting is accomplished at the various Mauricio County Parks by an assigned multi-person ground crews.