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Terminology atomic number- equal to the number of protons in the nucleus atomic weight-the average mass of atoms of an element c. Atomic mass- the mass off specific atom a. B. D. E. Heimlich Molecule- Formula- the chemical combination of two or more atoms he written representation using letters as symbols for the structure of a molecule 5. Orbital’s and Electrons a. Electrons (-) attracted to protons (+) and orbit nucleus in various shells b. The further electron orbital from nucleus, the greater potential energy 1. To move electrons from nucleus to outer orbital requires energy input 6. Atoms React a. Atoms with full outermost orbital shells are stable b. Atoms with “unfilled” orbital in their outermost shell tend to be reactive with other atoms. 1.
Orbital’s contain 2, 8, 8 etc. Electrons 2. Octet rule- atoms lose, gain or share valence electrons in order to reduce a stable 7. Chemical Bonds arrangement of eight electrons. A. A chemical bond is a union between atoms formed when they give up, gain, share electrons B. Covalent Bonds (Energy is stored in covalent bonds, 50-100 kcal/mol) 1. Sharing of outer orbital electron(s) between atoms a. Shared electrons fill outer orbital and stabilize the atom b. Energy required to share electrons 2. Covalent Bond Types a. Single – share one electron between atoms (H-O-H or H-H) b.
Double – share two electrons between atoms (C=C) c. Triple – share three electrons between atoms (N=N) Number of Covalent Bonds 3. Covalent Bob a. Non-polar- Electrons shared equally between atoms b. Polar- Electrons spend a greater time around one atom (it takes longer to orbit a larger atom) C. Ionic Bonds 1. Transfer of electrons from one atom to another a. One atom gives up an electron and becomes positively charged (action) b. One atom accepts an electron and becomes negatively charged (anion) 2. Electrical attraction a. Weak (5-7 kcal/mol) b. Water easily disrupts D. Hydrogen Bond 1.
Weak attractive force between slightly positive hydrogen of one molecule and slightly negative atom in another (3-7 kcal/mol) a. Heat will readily break H-bonds 2. Extremely important in biology . Stabilizes protein structure b. Holds DNA strands together c. Impart structure to liquid water E. Isotopes 1. Definition- isotopes are atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Nuclei of Three isotopes of Hydrogen Nuclei of Three isotopes of Carbon 2. Examples of typical amino acids a. Glycerin b. Elaine . Phenylalanine d. Cytosine . Formation – proteins are formed by linking amino acids together and forming peptide bonds. In order to do this a hydroxyl group is removed from one amino acid and a hydrogen from the other.
This process is called dehydration synthesis (condensation) since water results from the linkage of the two amino acids. D. Hierarchal Protein Structure 1. Primary structure- the sequence of amino acids 2. Secondary structure- alpha helical and beta sheet that have regular hydrogen bonding patterns. 3. Tertiary Structure- the tertiary structure is the final geometric shape that a protein forms. This shape is determined by bonding interactions between the “side chains” on the amino acids. Quaternary Structure- involves the grouping to several individual peptide or protein chains into a specific shape. Shown below is ferreting which stores iron. . Essential Amino Acids – amino acids that must be taken in the diet, since they can not be synthesized in the body. However, Cytosine can partially meet the need for mothering (they both contain sulfur), and tyrosine can partially substitute for phenylalanine. The essential amino acids, lysine and atrophy, are found in low quantities in most plant proteins. Therefore strict vegetarians should ensure that their diet contains sufficient amounts of these two amino acids. . Non-Essential Amino Acids- amino acids that are necessary components of proteins but do not need to taken in the diet since the body can synthesize them.
Essential Amino Acids* Non-Essential Amino Acids Valise Lucien Silicone Throne Mothering** Phenylalanine Atrophy Lysine Histamine Glycerin Elaine Serine glutamine Cytosine** Praline Aspirating Argentine Glutamine Acid Aspartic Acid Tyrosine *Must be taken in KWASHIORKOR De * Sulfur-containing A protein deficiency syndrome occurring in infants and children due to a deficiency in the quality and quantity of protein. Symptoms include edema, extension of the abdomen, impaired growth and development and weakness.
Treatment requires the addition of foods that contain complete proteins (20 amino acids). A genetic disease in which the body is unable to metabolize phenylalanine to tyrosine due to the lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxyls. Severe brain damage and mental retardation could occur if left untreated. Symptoms include tremors, convulsions, mental deficiency and peculiar odor of urine and sweat.
Treatment requires reducing phenylalanine in the diet. 2. Carbohydrate Chemistry a. Structure- is made up of C, H, and O in a ratio of The basic building block carbohydrate molecule is a simple sugar containing 6 carbon atoms. By combining two of the same or different simple sugars, disaccharide or double sugars can be formed. Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) like plant or animal starch are formed by combining many glucose molecules together to form of a long chain. Carbohydrates have 4 calories per gram. B. Incarcerations (simple sugars) – These all have C6H1206 as their