Alcohol Marketing and Advertising Assignment

Alcohol Marketing and Advertising A Report to Congress September 2003 Federal Trade Commission, 2003 Timothy J. Muris Chairman Mozelle W. Thompson Commissioner Orson Swindle Commissioner Thomas B. Leary Commissioner Pamela Jones Harbour Commissioner Report Contributors Janet M. Evans, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Jill F. Dash, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Neil Blickman, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Enforcement C.

Lee Peeler, Deputy Director, Bureau of Consumer Protection Mary K. Engle, Associate Director, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Joseph Mulholland, Bureau of Economics Assistants Dawne E. Holz, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Office of Consumer and Business Education Michelle T. Meade, Law Clerk, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Chadwick Crutchfield, Intern, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Executive Summary

The Conferees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees directed the Federal Trade Commission to study the impact on underage consumers of ads for new flavored malt beverages, and whether the beverage alcohol industry has implemented the recommendations contained in the Commission’s 1999 report to Congress regarding alcohol industry selfregulation. This report sets forth the Commission’s findings on these subjects. The Commission’s investigation of flavored malt beverages (FMBs) indicates that adults appear to be the intended target of FMB marketing, and that the products have established a niche in the adult market.

The investigation found no evidence of targeting underage consumers in the FMB market. FMB marketers placed advertisements in conformance with the industry standard that at least 50% of the advertisement’s audience consists of adults age 21 and over. Nevertheless, the 50% placement standard in effect in 2001 and 2002 permitted the ads to reach a substantial youth audience. This is particularly significant where the products and some ad themes may be attractive to minors. Although it is probable that some teens drink FMBs, teen drinking continued to decline during the period when these beverages were being aggressively marketed.

Self-regulation practices in the alcohol industry have shown improvement since issuance of the 1999 Report. The 1999 Report recommended that the industry adopt a third-party review system as an external check on compliance with code standards, particularly to address complaints about underage appeal. The present study provides evidence that the proceedings of the Code Review Board of the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS) provide a critical review of spirits company compliance with the DISCUS Code.

Additionally, Coors Brewing Company now participates in a third-party review program run by the Dispute Resolution Division of the Council of Better Business Bureaus, and two other companies have stated that they will adopt alternative approaches to obtain third-party input regarding their compliance with self-regulatory standards. The Commission continues to believe that third-party review provides an important measure of credibility to self-regulation and encourages all companies to adopt some form of an external review process. The largest improvements have occurred in the area of ad placement.

In 2002, the alcohol companies surveyed achieved 99% compliance with the standard that at least 50% of the relevant ii media audience be adults. More importantly, the industry now has committed to adhere to a 70% placement standard and to implement post-placement audits. The study also revealed added industry attention to the issue of ad content. This area is particularly sensitive, given that minors are present in nearly every venue where ads are disseminated. Company documents show many examples of ad concepts being rejected, and ad content being modified, to reduce the likelihood of appeal to minors. Still, a visible minority of beer ads eature concepts that risk appealing to those under 21. Unless care is taken, alcohol ads targeted to young legal drinkers also may appeal to those under the legal age. Because of significant constitutional issues, the Commission continues to recommend enhanced selfregulation to address concerns about alcohol advertising’s appeal to minors. In addition to self-regulation of advertising, a comprehensive alcohol policy also must address the means by which teens obtain alcohol for consumption. Younger minors obtain alcohol primarily from noncommercial sources; this social availability can be addressed by changing adult attitudes about teen use.

Changes also are needed to reduce underage alcohol purchases from commercial outlets, a source of alcohol for older minors. Support is needed for the efforts of organizations that can conduct rigorous field studies of the efficacy of alternative approaches to improving enforcement of minimum age purchase laws. The Commission will continue to monitor alcohol industry self-regulation, particularly the implementation of the new placement standard requiring that adults constitute at least 70% of the audience for advertising.

Additionally, the Commission will monitor the effectiveness of thirdparty review programs and will continue to evaluate new advertising programs that may have undue appeal to underage consumers. Table of Contents Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Flavored Malt Beverages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 B. Prior FTC Investigation of FMB Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 C. Results of Updated FTC Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. FMB Ad Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Content of Advertising for FMBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Effect of FMB Marketing on Minors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 D. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 III. The Status of Advertising Self-Regulation in the Alcohol Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A. The Benefits of Self-Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B.

Current State of Industry Self-Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. Enforcement of Self-Regulatory Code Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2. Advertising Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3. Advertising Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4. Other Marketing Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. Consumer Education by Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 IV. Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A. Marketing of Flavored Malt Beverages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 B. Industry Self-Regulation Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 C. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Appendix A: Beer Institute Advertising and Marketing Code (1997) Appendix B: Code of Good Practice for Distilled Spirits Advertising and Marketing (1998) Appendix C: Code of Advertising Standards, Wine Institute (2000) Appendix D: Beer Institute: Advertising and Marketing Code and Buying Guidelines (2003) Appendix E: Code of Responsible Practices for Beverage Alcohol Advertising and Marketing and Buying Guidelines, DISCUS (2003)

Figure 1: Long Term Trends In 30-Day Prevalence Of Use Of Alcohol For 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders (One or More Drinks in the Past Month) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 8th Graders 10th Graders 12th Graders Source: The Monitoring the Future Study, the University of Michigan. I. Introduction In March 2003, the Conferees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees directed the Federal Trade Commission to study the impact on nderage consumers of the significant expansion of ads for new malt beverages. 1 In addition, the Conferees asked that the Commission study and report on whether the beverage alcohol industry has implemented the recommendations contained in the Commission’s 1999 report to Congress regarding selfregulatory efforts to limit the appeal and exposure of alcohol advertising to underage consumers (1999 Report). 2 This report sets forth the Commission’s findings on these subjects. Concerns about the marketing of alcohol reflect the serious costs of underage alcohol use.

Underage drinking has declined significantly since all states adopted 21 as the minimum legal drinking age two decades ago, as shown by Figure 1,3 but drinking by minors remains high. In 2002, one-fifth of 8th graders, over one-third of 10th graders, and nearly half of 12th graders reported drinking within the past 30 days, and significant numbers reported engaging in binge drinking. 4 The manner in which minors drink places them at risk of significant harm. 5 Excessive drinking is associated with a variety f risky behaviors and injury, including drunk driving accidents, suicide, sexual assault, and highrisk sexual activity. 6 Public health organizations, the government, and the alcohol industry have all recognized that it is important to reduce underage drinking in order to lessen drinking-related harm. 7 Given the risks of underage drinking, all involved agree that the alcohol industry advertising must avoid targeting minors. This report evaluates the status of self-regulatory efforts by the industry to meet that goal.

Section II addresses the marketing of the new flavored malt 2 beverages; Section III contains an update on alcohol industry self-regulation; and Section IV contains the Commission’s recommendations. This report’s findings are based upon information obtained following issuance of compulsory process orders to nine major alcohol industry members,8 as well as discussions with a wide variety of entities, including interested consumer groups, researchers, and industry trade associations. 9 II.

Flavored Malt Beverages A. Background In recent years, flavored malt beverages (FMBs) have become increasingly popular. These products combine beer and distilled spirits characteristics. To produce a FMB, a brewer starts with a base of beer, uses filtering techniques to remove a portion of the beer taste, and adds flavors derived from spirits to achieve the desired taste and alcohol level. FMBs are marketed in traditional beer bottles, and have an alcohol content of 4% to 6% by volume, similar to other beers.

Marketers introduced citrus-flavored FMBs, including “hard” lemonades in the late 1990’s. 10 More recently, brewers have entered into agreements with distillers to introduce spirits-branded FMBs that typically taste like a combination of light beer and citrus or other fruit. 11 Other FMBs have flavors similar to wine coolers or cocktails (such as bourbon and cola). 12 FMBs are relatively new products. As a result of efforts to introduce them into the marketplace, a disproportionate share of beer advertising expenditures currently are directed to FMBs. 3 As new products have been introduced over the last five years, these expenditures have increased dramatically, from 2% of beer advertising in 1998 to approximately 17% of beer advertising in 2002. 14 During that same period of time, FMB sales grew at a far slower pace, from 1. 3% of beer sales in 1998 to approximately 3% of beer sales in 2002. 15 Over this time, total per capita beer consumption has increased modestly, by about 1% per annum; a substantial portion of FMB sales are derived from consumers who have reduced purchases of other malt beverages. 16 See Figure 2 (page 6). 3 B.

Prior FTC Investigation of FMB Marketing In 2001, in response to a complaint filed by the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), the FTC conducted an investigation to determine if FMBs were being targeted to minors. Among other things, the Commission staff reviewed whether the products were placed among non-alcoholic beverages in retail outlets; whether the advertising for these newer products was targeted to an underage audience; and whether consumer survey evidence proved that teens were more likely than adults to be aware of and use the products, as alleged in the CSPI complaint. 7 The investigation was conducted in collaboration with the U. S. Treasury’s Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB, formerly the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms). The Commission obtained proprietary information from marketers of the five products identified in CSPI’s complaint, including internal documents relating to product development, marketing plans, consumer research, and distribution plans. In addition to a review of the documentation, the investigation included a ten-city survey to determine where the newer malt beverages were placed in retail outlets.

With respect to the placement of FMBs in retail outlets, industry documents obtained by the FTC showed that the alcohol companies had expressly urged distributors to place the products with other alcohol products, generally with imports and microbrews. 18 The FTC/TTB survey of retail outlets in ten cities confirmed that the beverages were not co-mingled with non-alcoholic products in retail outlets. The Commission’s review also found no evidence of intent to target minors with the FMB products, packaging, or advertising.

For example, the internal company documentation, including planning materials and consumer research results, demonstrated that the marketers tested alternate product and packaging versions on adults aged 21 to 29 to determine the optimal product taste profiles and packaging styles and that they tested the appeal of advertising by surveying adults above the legal drinking age. Finally, the Commission reviewed the consumer survey evidence submitted in support of the proposition that the new malt beverages are predominantly popular with minors.

The Commission concluded that flaws in the survey’s methodology limit the ability to draw conclusions from the survey data. 19 4 C. Results of Updated FTC Investigation In response to the Committee’s March 2003 request, the Commission initiated a new review of the advertising and marketing of FMBs. The Commission sent compulsory process requests to nine alcohol industry members, eight of whom market one or more beverages that compete in the FMB category. 0 The compulsory process requests required the companies to produce internal documents relating to the marketing of these products, including documents describing the target audiences and relating to advertising development and placement. 1. FMB Ad Placement The Commission obtained marketing plans discussing the advertisement placement strategies for the FMBs as well as data showing the age composition of the audience for FMB ads. As discussed below,21 in 2002 the industry codes required that at least 50% of the audience for alcohol advertising consist of adults aged 21 and over.

The Commission’s review shows that, in 2002, over 99% of the dollars spent to advertise FMBs on television, radio, and in print media were expended in compliance with this goal. Although compliance with the 50% standard was quite high, the standard still permitted ads to be placed in venues with a substantial underage audience composition. To limit the likelihood that ads for FMBs (or other alcohol) would appear in such venues, five companies also maintained lists of programs on which they would not place ads (“no buy” lists).

Typically, they instructed their media buyers not to place ads on MTV or the UPN network, on wrestling or extreme sports shows, or on teen-oriented shows such as “Malcolm in the Middle,” “Gilmore Girls,” “Boston Public,” “Sabrina,” “Grounded for Life,” “Celebrity Death Match,” “Dawson’s Creek,” “Moesha,” “7th Heaven,” and “Popular. ” A sixth company limited the likelihood of placement on teen-oriented shows by requiring a 70% adult audience for placements. Finally, two of the companies marketing FMBs did not advertise their products in print or broadcast media.

The companies’ documents showed that on a few occasions, FMB ads appeared on individual episodes of teen-theme shows in individual TV markets in 2002. Given the high overall compliance, however, these incidents appeared to have been inadvertent, rather than deliberate attempts to target teens. 5 2. Content of Advertising for FMBs The alcohol company documents submitted in response to compulsory process consisted of planning and operational documents prepared in the ordinary course of business.

These documents indicate that the companies target advertising for the FMBs to persons of legal drinking age and older. Marketing concepts (including advertising and packaging) are directed to a specific “target” category of consumers. The company documents show that the intended targets for FMBs were above the legal drinking age, generally 21-year-olds to 27- or 29-yearolds. The companies’ documents further indicate that before ads are disseminated, the alcohol companies often use consumer research to test them for persuasiveness and efficacy. 2 Research participants are screened for target demographic characteristics including age, generally 21 to 29, and are asked a wide range of questions, including questions designed to elicit whether the ad is appealing and whether it communicates that the advertised brand appeals to the target. 23 Further, industry-conducted research on consumers over the age of 21 who use FMBs shows that these consumers generally view the FMBs as substitutes for beer, although companies developed them in part to attract consumers who did not like beer’s taste (often women).

The research indicates that adult FMB drinkers see the brands as appropriate for use on a wide variety of occasions where they consume alcohol. This research also concludes that consumers are not likely to consume more than two or three FMBs on any occasion because of the products’ sweetness. To evaluate the success of FMB sales, the industry members rely on survey information about product awareness, trial, and repeat usage among consumers aged 21 to 27, and among older segments. 4 These data show that in 2002, FMBs had substantial sales to adults. Although consumers who are 21 to 27 are the largest single group of FMB users, the majority of FMB drinkers are over the age of 27: 21-27 41% 28-34 22% 35-49 26% 50+ 11% 6 Figure 2: Percentage Growth of FMB Advertising, FMB Sales and Per Capita Beer Consumption 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 FMB Advertising as Percentage of Beer Advertising FMB Sales As Percentage of Beer Sales Per Capita Beer Consumption

Source: FMB Advertising and Sales, Proprietary Industry Documents Per Capita Beer Consumption, Adams Business Media Figure 3: Recent Trends In 30-Day Prevalence Of Use Of Alcohol For 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders (One or More Drinks in the Past Month) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 8th Graders 10th Graders 12th Graders Source: The Monitoring the Future Study, the University of Michigan. These data also show that users of FMBs are somewhat more likely to be female, a fact which industry attributes to the products’ sweeter taste.

In summary, the documents provided by the companies indicate that marketing for FMBs is targeted to adults 21 and over; that companies measure product success in terms of use by adults; and that adults in fact use the products. 3. Effect of FMB Marketing on Minors The Committees also directed the Commission to look at the impact on underage consumers of the expansion of marketing for FMBs. As noted in the 1999 Report, advertising campaigns targeted to 21-year-olds may also appeal to those under 21. 25 Thus, the companies’ advertising for FMBs may have had a “spillover” ffect on teens, and the products’ sweeter tastes seem likely to appeal to teens. The company documents and other evidence available to the Commission did not provide information on the particular impact on minors of this expanded marketing. There also are no reliable survey data on the brands that teens drink and thus there are no data on whether or how many teens drink FMBs, or the impact of FMB advertising on such drinking. 26 The available data show that, despite increases in FMB advertising, overall drinking by minors decreased between 2000 and 2002. 7 See Figures 2 7 and 3. In any event, given that many factors influence teen drinking, including individual, family, peer, and environmental factors, it is not clear that changes in drinking trends can be attributed to changes in advertising. 28 D. Conclusion The Commission’s investigation of the marketing, sale, and use of FMBs indicates that adults 21 to 29 appear to be the intended target of FMB marketing; that the products have established a niche in the adult market; and that FMB ads were placed in compliance with the industry’s 50% placement standard.

At the same time, the 50% placement standard in effect when these products were introduced permitted the ads to reach a substantial youth audience. Further, some themes attractive to new legal drinkers, as well as the products’ sweet tastes, may also be attractive to minors. Although it is probable that some teens drink FMBs, teen drinking continued to decline during the period when these beverages were being aggressively marketed. The Commission believes, nonetheless, that marketers should exercise strong caution when introducing new alcohol products, to ensure that they are not directed to an underage audience.

Further, the Commission continues to recommend that labels for all beverage alcohol products, including FMBs, be required to disclose accurately the alcohol content by volume. 29 III. The Status of Advertising Self-Regulation in the Alcohol Industry A. The Benefits of Self-Regulation Strong and visible self-regulation can play an important role in addressing underage drinking and beverage alcohol marketing concerns. Moreover, meaningful industry self-regulation can address a broad range of advertising issues without raising the constitutional issues that government regulation would pose. 0 Each of the three major segments of the alcohol industry ??? beer, wine and spirits ??? has its own self-regulatory code: the Beer Institute Code, the Wine Institute Code, and the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS) Code. 31 These codes are followed by member 8 companies as well as non-member smaller organizations. 32 Additionally, many individual companies have codes or practices that go beyond the provisions of the industry codes.

The Commission’s 1999 Report reviewed the self-regulatory codes of the alcohol industry and concluded that, although the industry members for the most part complied with their codes, improvements in standards and implementation were needed to reduce the likelihood that alcohol advertising would be directed to underage consumers. The Commission recommended that the alcohol industry improve enforcement mechanisms by adopting third-party review of code compliance; raise the standards for placing alcohol ads; and conduct post-placement audits to verify that ads complied with the new standards.

The Commission also recommended that trade associations and industry members adopt and build upon the “best practices” followed by individual companies pertaining to ad content, product placement in media, online advertising, and ad monitoring. 33 B. Current State of Industry Self-Regulation For this report, the Commission reviewed documents and interrogatory responses submitted by nine alcohol companies in response to FTC order. This section first reviews recommendations in the 1999 Report and then reviews particular industry efforts to implement those recommendations from September 1999 to the present. . Enforcement of Self-Regulatory Code Standards a. Findings of 1999 Report Regarding Third-Party Review of Advertising Compliance The 1999 Report opined that self-regulation is most effective when the alcohol companies’ internal mechanisms for fostering code compliance are supplemented by an external mechanism for resolution of disputes about whether a particular practice violates code standards. 34 Moreover, the 1999 Report noted shortcomings with the level of external review of compliance in the alcohol industry.

The Beer Institute and Wine Institute forwarded complaints about member compliance to the individual companies but did not follow up to see how the company responded to the complaint. DISCUS had a Code Review Board that reviewed and took action on complaints about member performance, but the process was not made public. 35 As noted in 9 the 1999 Report, public notice regarding complaint resolution enhances the credibility of selfregulation and provides valuable information to consumers and other industry members. 6 Thus, the Commission recommended that the industry adopt a third-party review system, particularly to address complaints about underage appeal. The Commission recommended that a third-party review system (1) be impartial and objective; (2) be public; and (3) apply standards consistently. 37 b. Third-Party Review After the 1999 Report The Commission’s review reveals modest steps to implement the Commission’s recommendation. Some segments of the industry have taken steps to incorporate some form of third-party review in their compliance procedures.

Others have not adopted third-party review, believing that it is unreasonably expensive or redundant of existing, internal, multi-level advertising review procedures. The Commission’s review also found that, currently, complaints that advertising appeals to youth are relatively infrequent: From 2001 to 2002, the nine companies that were the subject of the current inquiry received 14,829 complaints, of which 305 (approximately 2%) related to appeal to underage consumers. i. Review of Coors Brewing Company Advertising

In the spring of 2002, Coors reached an agreement with the Dispute Resolution Division of the Council of Better Business Bureaus (BBB) to implement a third-party advertising review and complaint resolution program. The BBB program is called the Advertising Pledge Program (APP), and Coors is its first client. The BBB APP is designed to settle disputes involving a participating company’s compliance with that company’s voluntary advertising pledge concerning marketing or advertising practices.

If the BBB APP finds that the company failed to comply with its pledge, then the BBB APP may recommend that the advertising or marketing materials that are the subject of the complaint be modified or discontinued. Final decisions of the BBB APP are publicly reported. The BBB APP has issued final decisions in two cases involving Coors’ ads. In the first case, it rejected an allegation that an advertisement for the FMB Zima featuring a nurse in a tight10 fitting uniform violated Coors’ advertising pledge not to use symbols with primary appeal to those under 21.

In the second case, it rejected an allegation that music in an ad for Coors beer was primarily popular with teens, as data showed that the artist was predominantly popular with older adults. Nevertheless, the BBB APP ruled that the ad’s content, depicting extreme behavior, violated the Coors code commitment to not condone irresponsible behavior and excessive drinking. 38 Coors discontinued the ad. ii. DISCUS Review Activities DISCUS has a five-member Review Board that considers complaints received about member advertising and marketing; it generally acts within two to four weeks of receiving a complaint.

On occasion, it takes action although no complaint has been filed. Findings of the majority of the Review Board are communicated to the advertiser and, when appropriate, to all members of the DISCUS Board of Directors. Board findings are not made public, however. In 1999, the Commission commended DISCUS for having a system to review complaints about member compliance but noted concern that the process was not made public and questioned whether DISCUS, as an industry representative, was able to provide fully independent review.

Over the past three years, the DISCUS Code Review Board has considered 26 complaints about distilled spirits ads. It found that 19 of the ads were in violation of the DISCUS code. In every case involving a DISCUS member, and in approximately 40% of cases involving a company that is not a DISCUS member, the company advertiser voluntarily discontinued or revised the ad in response to the Board’s input. 39 Four of the complaints considered by the Board involved allegations that ads or promotions for distilled spirits products targeted underage consumers.

In the first of the four cases, the Board concluded based upon relevant demographic evidence that the challenged practice did not violate the DISCUS code; in the remaining three cases, it recommended changes in marketing activities to address concerns of appeal to underage consumers. 40 The Commission’s review suggests the DISCUS Review Board’s analysis of complaints over the past three years has been rigorous. Further, DISCUS has now determined to make its decisions public, on a semi-annual basis.

It has also created an outside advisory board comprised of three persons with extensive expertise in alcohol advertising issues to provide input 11 on cases where the Code Review Board is unable to reach a majority decision and to provide advice to individual companies, when sought. Appendix E at E-11. These changes will add credibility to the process. iii. New Approaches to External Review Although not implementing a system for third-party review of complaints, individual companies have engaged in other efforts to reduce the likelihood of noncompliance with selfregulatory codes.

One company will use an outside panel to act as a sounding board for advertising and marketing ideas. The panel, consisting of at least three outside individuals chosen for their expertise in fields such as advertising, communications, marketing, broadcast media, societal norms, and government regulation, will meet three to four times a year to consider ad concepts, often before ads or promotions are created. 41 Another company has announced plans to adopt a program to incorporate a third-party review system that includes a panel of outsiders who will review its efforts to comply with the company’s internal advertising code. v. Conclusion The industry has made modest but important improvements in the area of external review of self-regulatory compliance since the 1999 Report. Coors and members of DISCUS use thirdparty review systems. Two other companies are in the process of adopting alternatives to thirdparty review. These alternatives represent an attempt to incorporate, into the advertising process, an outside analysis of code compliance. The Commission will continue to evaluate the effectiveness of these systems as they are implemented. 2. Advertising Placement . Findings of 1999 Report Each of the industry codes has provisions limiting the underage composition of the audience for ads. In 1999, they required that more than 50% of the audience for ads be over 21. 42 12 The Commission’s 1999 report criticized both this standard and the low level of effort to ensure compliance with it. The Commission noted that because only 30% of the U. S. population is under age 21, the 50% standard permits placement of ads on programs where the underage audience far exceeds its representation in the U.

S. population. Moreover, only one-half of the reporting companies could show that nearly all of their ads were shown to a majority legal-age audience; one-quarter of the companies failed to obtain the demographic data needed to evaluate code compliance; and the data for the final one-quarter of companies showed weeks when a large portion of ads were shown to a majority underage audience. 43 The 1999 Report identified several best practices in alcohol advertising placement that minimize underage exposure.

Some companies supplemented ad placement policies with “no buy” lists; had higher standards for placing ads; or reviewed past placements to monitor whether compliance had occurred. The Commission endorsed these best practices and strongly recommended that more industry members raise the standards for placement and conduct periodic after-the-fact audits of placements to identify practices requiring modification. 44 b. Placement Standards After the 1999 Report

In response to the 1999 Alcohol report, one major industry member adopted a higher placement standard (60 to 70%, depending on the medium), and another member that previously followed a 70% standard for a few brands applied it company-wide. Additionally, the Wine Institute amended its code to adopt a 70% placement standard. 45 Nonetheless, from 2000 to the present, the prevailing standard for placement of ads has continued to be 50%, as set forth in the beer and spirits codes. Accordingly, for this report the Commission evaluated compliance with the 50% standard, as it pertained to the brands whose target included 21-year-old consumers. 6 This category includes many beer, wine, and distilled spirits products; FMBs are a subset of this category. The new data show that alcohol companies have improved placement compliance considerably since issuance of the 1999 Report. The Commission’s review showed that in 2002, for brands whose target included 21-year-old consumers, over 99% of dollars spent for television, radio, and print ads were expended in compliance with the 50% standard. 47 (Eight of 13 the nine companies to whom the Commission issued compulsory process orders disseminated ads for brands whose target included 21-year-olds in 2002. While this represents near-perfect compliance with code standards, as the Commission has previously noted, the 50% standard permits large numbers of underage consumers to be exposed to alcohol ads. As in the case with ads for FMB products, five companies complement the 50% standard with “no buy” lists of networks (such as UPN and MTV) and shows on which they would not permit alcohol ad placements, because of high teen interest. 48 Some companies also used higher placement standards to limit the likelihood that ads would appear on shows of this type. c.

Adoption of a New Standard In response to concern regarding advertising placement, the Beer Institute and DISCUS have now modified their standards in important aspects. Specifically, the Beer Institute and DISCUS amended their codes in 2003 to require that adults over 21 constitute at least 70% of the audience for TV, magazine, and radio ads, based upon reliable data. 49 To facilitate compliance, the revised Beer Institute and DISCUS Codes require that members conduct periodic post-placement audits of a portion of placements and to promptly remedy any identified problems.

The revised codes are attached as Appendices to this report. 50 d. Conclusion Adoption of a 70% placement standard for alcohol ads by all three of the industry trade associations represents a significant improvement in placement standards. The requirement to monitor compliance through periodic audits should help to ensure adherence to the standard. These steps represent positive responses to the 1999 Report’s recommendations and the Commission will monitor compliance with these revised provisions. 51 14 3. Advertising Content a. Findings of the 1999 Report

Some minors are present in nearly every advertising audience; thus, it is important that alcohol advertisers take steps to ensure that alcohol ad content not target youth. Each of the alcohol self-regulatory codes contains several provisions pertaining to the content of ads. With regard to minors, the codes require that ad content not appeal primarily to those under the legal drinking age. They also identify specific content that should be avoided, and in the case of the beer and spirits industries, require that actors in ads be at least 25 years old and appear to be over 21. 2 The 1999 Report recommended that companies target ads to persons 25 and older, or bar ads with substantial appeal to underage consumers, even if they also appeal to adults. 53 b. Self-regulation of Advertising Content After the 1999 Report Following issuance of the Commission’s recommendation to avoid “overflow” appeal to minors by targeting brands to older consumers only, one company introduced a new brand and targeted it to consumers 25 and older.

The introduction was not fully successful, a fact that company marketers attributed to the “handcuffs of [the] mature package” and a “25+ media plan [that] limited the initial appeal/ability to secure prime distribution. ” Accordingly, the company revamped its brand to include the “important 21-24 consumer in the target. ” Other companies have stated that because many alcohol consumers develop loyalty to alcohol brands by the age of 25, it is necessary to target legal drinkers ages 21 to 24 to ensure market share.

As a result, companies are not likely to restrict their targeting of ads to those over the age of 25, except in the case of premium wine and spirits products. As discussed in the section regarding FMB marketing, the industry documents indicate that alcohol industry members make efforts to target ad content to persons of legal drinking age and over. 54 They direct advertising concepts to a specific “target” category of consumers aged 21 and over, conduct consumer research on adults aged 21 and over to confirm appeal to that target, and measure success by data regarding trial, use, and repeat purchases by consumers of legal age.

Further, information previously obtained from the companies during prior investigations has shown that if adult consumers participating in consumer research indicate that an ad conveys 15 the impression that the brand appeals to persons under the age of 21, the company will withdraw it. Nonetheless, some advertising targeted to the youngest legal drinkers continues to risk appealing to minors. Companies targeting new legal drinkers should engage in continual efforts to avoid use of ad concepts with potentially strong appeal to underage consumers.

Despite some conspicuous ad campaigns with juvenile themes, the documents submitted to the Commission reveal that legal, marketing, and other company staff review marketing efforts during both development and implementation with an eye to code provisions. They evidence a number of instances when content was rejected out of concern about particular appeal to children, and others when ad content was adjusted in an attempt to reduce the likelihood that an ad, once executed, would appeal strongly to minors. 55 Companies also take steps to address problems identified after an ad is disseminated.

Companies rely on consumer complaints to bring problems to their attention. For instance, the Commission’s inquiry revealed an instance where, following receipt of complaints that an ad could be interpreted to condone public drinking and vandalism, the company pulled the ad. In another instance, when a complaint from a school alerted an alcohol company to the fact that a billboard operator had placed its ad adjacent to the school playground (contrary to the alcohol company’s instructions), the company promptly removed its ad from the billboard. As noted above, external review processes are also designed to address advertising concerns.

The BBB APP and the DISCUS Code Review Board identify concepts that may appeal to youth, and persuade companies to pull problematic ads. c. Conclusion Alcohol company documents provided to the Commission indicate that industry members have policies prohibiting content that targets teens as well as implementation procedures designed to give meaning to these policies. They also suggest that external review procedures can be important if internal procedures fail. Coors, through the BBB, and the distilled spirits companies, through DISCUS, have forms of external review that can serve as an important backup system to internal review.

Accordingly, the Commission continues to recommend that all alcohol companies adopt some form of a formal external review process. 16 4. Other Marketing Efforts In addition to content and placement policies, many companies follow policies addressing specific contexts where their product may be advertised, such as through product placements in movies and television, on the Internet, and advertising directed to college students. a. Product Placement Product placement refers to the practice of providing alcohol products, logoed items, or signage, to a program or film producer for possible prop use.

In the 1999 Report, the Commission recommended that product placements be limited to movies rated “R” or having mature themes, and that placements not be made in films and programs where an underage person is a primary character. The Commission also cited as a best practice a company policy that prohibited advertising during shows dealing strictly with college life. 56 The documents submitted by the companies indicate that the companies generally follow such best practices. In 2002, the companies appeared to restrict alcohol product placements to movies and television shows with mature themes or “R” ratings.

They also avoided movies with themes that could particularly appeal to underage consumers such as any “coming of age” movies or those that primarily feature an underage character, and rejected requests to place their products in movies that displayed irresponsible drinking, drunk driving, or college drinking scenes. The revised Beer Institute Code contains a specific provision regarding product placements. It prohibits placements in films depicting underage drinking; irresponsible consumption in connection with driving; as well as placement in films that are particularly attractive to children or have underage primary characters. . Internet Advertising The 1999 Report, noting the significant presence of children on the Internet, urged improved efforts to restrict underage access to alcohol company web sites. It recommended that companies avoid Internet content that would be particularly attractive to underage consumers and urged sites to carry messages about responsible drinking. It identified, as a best practice, use of systems to limit access to the sites to users that state that they are over the age of 21. 57 17 The nine alcohol companies that were the subject of this inquiry operate more than 80 web sites to promote their brands.

The Commission staff reviewed the companies’ sites for consistency with the 1999 Report’s recommendations. With some exceptions, the content of the web sites is mild. A typical site contains a description of the brand’s history and the location where it is produced, depictions of the packaging, beverage-compatible food recipes and serving tips, and an opportunity to shop online for logoed merchandise (e. g. , golf shirts, patio umbrellas, and glassware). Some of the sites offer an opportunity to sign up for e-mail messages that contain similar text.

Approximately a dozen of the sites have interactive features, such as the opportunity to play a game like dominoes or to click on images of men and women in a cocktail lounge to see what they are saying. These features are presented in a slow-paced, low-key manner; their appeal to today’s youth is uncertain. Four of the sites feature more alluring content, e. g. , photos of scantily clad models on a beach. Over 90% of the sites feature references to the fact that alcohol is for persons of legal age or contain other responsibility messages.

The Commission also reviewed the sites for response to the Commission’s 1999 recommendation to attempt to limit access to users stating they are over the age of 21. All of the brewers’ sites and most of the vintners’ sites had responded to the recommendation, and featured such a system. Most of the distillers’ sites instead required that visitors click on a box stating that they are of legal age before entering the site; however, DISCUS has now modified its code to require use of an age verification mechanism which could consist of requiring visitors to enter a birth date over the age of 21 in order to enter an alcohol advertising site.

Three companies provided data showing that between 30% and 70% of consumers exit a site rather than entering their date of birth. It is not known whether this is because they are underage, wish to avoid the inconvenience, or are concerned about privacy. In some cases, if a consumer enters his age and is rejected for being underage, the consumer is automatically sent to a web site promoting responsible drinking practices (such as the Century Council site) or to a site for a non-alcohol product. 58 In addition to sponsoring branded web sites, some companies place banner ads on web sites operated by others.

The documents obtained from two companies that engaged in this practice in 2002 show that such ads are placed on sites shown by reliable data to have adult audiences that 18 equaled or exceeded 75% (such as NHL. com and Maxim. com) or even 85% (such as Ticketmaster. com and ESPN. com). Alcohol web sites are different from other alcohol advertising because consumers must seek them out ??? unlike television or print ads, their content does not appear unsolicited. Further, when the Commission last reviewed this issue, there were no technologies that permitted advertisers to limit site entry to those who could be determined to be of legal age.

As a result, the Commission urged alcohol advertisers to limit entry to alcohol web sites to those who entered a date of birth showing that they were 21 or older. The Commission recognizes that some consumers may indicate an inaccurate date of birth. So long as web site content is not likely to appeal to minors, however, the requirement to enter date of birth may be sufficient, as the alternative is to require site visitors to provide sufficient personal information to permit verification of their adult status.

The Commission thus continues to urge all industry members to avoid web site content that appeals to minors. Operators of web sites that feature content likely to have strong appeal to minors, or that permit consumers to order alcohol online, should consider use of age verification technologies. These technologies require the consumer to enter personal identifying information (such as a name and driver’s license number); they immediately compare this data to publicly available information in government databases and then limit site access to those consumers demonstrated to be over a specific age (such as 21). 9 c. Advertising to College Students In the 1999 Report, the Commission identified advertising to college students as a source of concern, given the presence of a significant underage audience and the high incidence of abusive college drinking. It cited, as a best practice, restrictions on campus alcohol beverage advertising and raised concerns about ads in campus newspapers placed by off-campus bars that appeared to promote irresponsible drinking. A substantial minority of college students ??? approximately 42. % ??? are below the legal drinking age, and a 2002 report sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism discussed in depth the issues associated with college drinking and identified potential prevention measures. 60 As of 2003, the Wine Institute and DISCUS codes continue to 19 prohibit advertising in college newspapers and prohibit marketing activities on campuses, except (in the case of the DISCUS Code) at licensed retail establishments.

The Beer Institute Code continues to permit members to sponsor on-campus sports events, but only with the approval of the college and (in the case of public events) where most of the audience is reasonably expected to be 21 or over. The Revised Beer Institute Code also specifies that promotions on college campuses should not portray consumption of beer as being important to education; shall not degrade studying; and shall not encourage irresponsible, excessive, underage, or otherwise illegal alcohol consumption.

With regard to ads local alcohol retailers place in college campus media, most companies now direct the parties engaged in selling their product, including distributors, wholesalers, and sales and marketing personnel to comply with their college marketing policies. The Commission is not aware of any indications of non-compliance with these policies. With regard to activities specifically targeted to U. S. students at “spring break” locations, whether here or abroad, the alcohol companies surveyed by the Commission now universally limit such promotions to licensed retail locations such as bars and restaurants. 1 A few of the companies stated that when sponsoring on-premise promotions, they take extra steps to prevent underage consumption by having extra security to check identification. 62 d. Direct Shipment of Alcohol to Consumers Alcohol is typically purchased at a retail outlet or an “on-premise” location. This is consistent with the three-tier system, established after Prohibition and enforced under state laws, which generally requires that alcohol manufacturers sell to retailers and wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, and who in turn sell to consumers.

Through this system, consumers can obtain the most popular brands of beer, wine, and spirits. Nevertheless, consumers sometimes seek other avenues to purchase beverage alcohol. They may order alcohol through consumer clubs or from vintners’ web sites. 63 In a recent staff report, the Commission’s staff concluded that state laws banning direct shipment of wine to consumers reduced consumer choice and raised prices.

It noted that states that permit interstate direct shipping generally report few or no problems with shipment to minors, with some states applying safeguards to online sales, such as requirements that package delivery companies obtain an adult 20 signature at the time of delivery, and others developing penalty and enforcement systems to provide incentives for compliance with prohibitions on sales to minors. 64 Direct shipment remains a very minor part of the alcohol supply system. In the case of wine, an industry expert estimates that at least 90% of wine is sold through the traditional three-tier channels. 5 Data show that over 99. 9% of the malt beverages sold in the U. S. is shipped from breweries to beer wholesalers or sold to consumers in brewpubs or tasting rooms at breweries. 66 Similarly, because the vast majority of spirits brands are available through local retail outlets, there has been little demand for direct shipping. 67 The web sites operated by the companies that were the subject of this inquiry do not, except in the case of wine sites, provide for sale of alcohol to consumers. As set forth in the Commission’s Wine Report, there is little evidence that teens seek to obtain alcohol through direct shipment.

Nonetheless, it is important that direct shippers remain vigilant and that they use tools, such as adult signature requirements and online age verification technologies, to prevent online alcohol sales from being a means of teen access. e. Conclusion Beverage alcohol is promoted in a myriad of ways. The Commission’s review shows that industry members generally consider self-regulatory provisions when engaging in marketing efforts for beverage alcohol. Additionally, the industry trade associations continue to revise selfregulatory guidelines to address changes in marketing methods.

The Commission encourages continued attention to these issues and will monitor implementation. 5. Consumer Education by Industry Although precise figures are not available, it appears that on average the beverage alcohol industry spends more than $50 million annually to sponsor public service activities to combat alcohol abuse and to reduce underage drinking and attendant injury. 68 Some of these programs are sponsored directly by individual alcohol companies; others are sponsored by industry organizations such as the Century Council, the Beer Institute, the National Beer Wholesalers Association, and the Brewers’ Association of America.

Materials are widely available free of charge and often in different languages. 21 The alcohol industry’s public service efforts include a number of programs and resources aimed at reducing the harm associated with underage and abusive drinking, and to assist enforcement of the legal drinking age and drunk driving laws. They include: ??? programs for parents and other adults, to facilitate conversations with children about alcohol issues;69 programs for underage persons, intended to educate adolescents and young adults about the importance of the legal age requirement, responsible drinking, and risks of abuse;70 ??? programs for college administrators, designed to provide guidance to colleges about effective programs to reduce alcohol abuse on college campuses;71 and ??? programs for alcohol beverage retailers and servers, designed to promote enforcement of laws prohibiting sale to minors and to prevent serving underage and intoxicated persons. 72 These programs are generally developed by professionals in the fields of education, medicine, or alcohol abuse.

Many are undertaken in partnership with community organizations, educational groups, law enforcement officials, and the public health community. These programs follow approaches recommended by alcohol research. For example, research shows that parental monitoring protects against alcohol use;73 industry programs designed to facilitate parent-child communications about alcohol use are intended to promote such monitoring. Research also shows that adolescents and young adults overestimate social norms, that is, peer approval and use of alcohol; these erroneous beliefs are correlated with alcohol use and abuse. 4 Although more study is needed, some studies have shown that well-implemented programs to correct erroneous views of social norms can have a positive effect. 75 Finally, efforts to facilitate enforcement of the legal drinking age are shown to reduce underage alcohol use. 76 Although more rigorous research regarding the effectiveness of specific programs is needed, the industry’s consumer education programs have the potential to help address issues of underage alcohol use.

The Commission encourages industry members to maintain links on their web sites to these programs and their materials, to facilitate access to this information. 22 IV. Conclusions and Recommendations A. Marketing of Flavored Malt Beverages The Commission’s investigation found no evidence of targeting underage consumers in the marketing of FMBs. Adults 21 to 29 appear to be the intended target of FMB marketing and the products are popular among adults, including those over 27. FMB ads were placed in compliance with the industry’s 50% placement standard.

The 50% placement standard in effect at the time these products were introduced permitted the ads to reach a substantial youth audience, however, and ad content that appeals to new legal drinkers, as well as the sweet taste of FMBs, may be attractive to minors. Although there is no information to show the extent to which teens drink these beverages, the Commission believes that marketers should exercise significant caution when introducing new alcohol products, to ensure that they are not marketed to an underage audience.

B. Industry Self-Regulation Programs Self-regulation practices in the alcohol industry have shown improvement since issuance of the 1999 Report. With regard to external review of code compliance, in 1999 only the DISCUS Code Review Board provided external review of company compliance with self-regulatory guidelines; there was insufficient evidence, however, whether the Code Review Board’s program was conducted in a critical and independent fashion, and the Commission criticized the proceedings for being nonpublic.

The present review suggests that the DISCUS Code Review Board proceedings do provide an important review of spirits industry compliance with the DISCUS Code; further, DISCUS has now committed to publicize its findings semi-annually and has created an outside advisory group to provide input on certain cases. Additionally, Coors now participates in a third-party review program run by the BBB, and two other companies are adopting alternative mechanisms to obtain external input regarding their compliance with selfregulatory standards. The largest improvements have occurred in the area of ad placement.

In 1999, only half of the companies surveyed were able to demonstrate compliance with placement standards. In 2002, all of the companies achieved 99% compliance with the 50% standard. More important, 23 the industry now has committed to adhere to a 70% placement standard and to implement postplacement audits. Additionally, the industry documents show increased attention to the issue of ad content. This area is particularly sensitive, given that minors are present in nearly every context where ads are disseminated. The company documents show many examples of ad concepts being rejected or modified to reduce the likelihood of appeal to minors.

Still, a visible minority of beer ads feature concepts that risk appealing to those under 21. Since the issuance of the 1999 report, the companies also have made improvements in practices relating to product placement, Internet advertising, and marketing on college campuses. Most importantly, the companies that were the subject of this report have ceased sponsoring spring break activities outside of licensed retail establishments. Though self-regulatory compliance is substantially improved, concerns remain that unless care is taken, alcohol ads targeted to young legal drinkers also may appeal to those under the legal age.

Nonetheless, because of significant constitutional issues, the Commission continues to recommend enhanced self-regulation to address concerns about alcohol advertising’s appeal to minors. C. Recommendations While advertising self-regulation is designed to prevent advertising and marketing practices that target underage consumers and reduce the number of ads seen by minors, a comprehensive alcohol policy also must address the means by which teens actually obtain alcohol for consumption. Research indicates that younger minors obtain alcohol primarily from noncommercial sources such as friends, parents, and other adults.

For example, in one survey, 32% of 6th graders, 56% of 9th graders, and 60% of 12th graders reported obtaining alcohol at parties. 77 Social availability of alcohol to teens through parents, friends, and strangers can be addressed only by changing adult attitudes about teen use. Institutions focusing on alcohol issues may wish to consider development of additional programs targeted to adults. For example, wider awareness of the success of the legal drinking age in reducing underage drinking and related injury could influence some adults who provide alcohol to minors. 4 Second, changes are needed to reduce underage alcohol purchases from commercial outlets. Minimum age purchase laws are implemented by staff at local retail outlets and enforced by law enforcement agencies with limited resources and significant competing responsibilities. Older minors too often are able to obtain alcohol from commercial sources, such as retail stores or bars, although access to alcohol from commercial sources is less likely in states with better enforcement of legal drinking age laws. 8 During this past year, the many stakeholders in the alcohol control process ??? including state alcohol control agencies; state law enforcement officials; representatives of major retail outlets; and alcohol producers, wholesalers, and distributors ??? organized under the aegis of the Responsible Retailing Forum (RRF) to evaluate what changes are needed to reduce minors’ ability to purchase alcohol in retail outlets. 79 Support is needed for the efforts of organizations, like RRF, that can conduct rigorous field studies of the efficacy of alternative approaches to improving enforcement of minimum age purchase laws.

The Commission’s review of alcohol industry self-regulation reveals a substantial response to the recommendations contained in the 1999 Report. All industry members need to be active in preventing advertising or marketing that may support or encourage underage alcohol use. Although more could be done to reduce underage exposure to alcohol marketing, increased attention to preventing teen access to alcohol, whether through social or commercial channels, also is needed to address this important issue.

The Commission will continue to monitor alcohol industry self-regulation. In particular, the Commission will monitor the new placement standard requiring that adults constitute 70% of the audience for advertising. Additionally, the Commission will monitor the effectiveness of thirdparty and other external review programs and will continue to evaluate new advertising programs that may have undue appeal to underage consumers. 25 1.

The Conferees direct the Commission to study the impact on underage consumers of the significant expansion of new ads for liquor-branded “alcopops” and report the Commission’s finding to the Committee within six months of enactment of this Act. The Conferees are also concerned that the alcoholic beverage industry has not implemented all of the recommendations of the 1999 Commission report, ‘Self Regulation and the Alcohol Industry,’ and that only one industry member has taken action to provide for independent review of complaints about its advertising.

The Conferees urge the Commission to encourage the industry to adopt stricter advertising placement standards as well as establish an independent third-party review mechanism to limit the appeal and exposure of alcohol advertising to underage consumers and report back to the Committees on Appropriations no later than six months from enactment of this bill on the status of the implementation of these recommendations and whether further rule-making by the Commission is required. Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-7, Div. B. , Title II (House Subcommittee on Appropriations). 2. Id. see Self-Regulation in the Alcohol Industry, A Report to Congress From the Federal Trade Commission (Sept. 1999) [hereinafter "1999 Report”]. 3. L. D. JOHNSTON ET AL. , NAT’L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, MONITORING THE FUTURE STUDY, tbls. 2 and 6 (2002), http://monitoringthefuture. org/data/02data/pr02t2. pdf and http://monitoringthefuture. org/data/02data/pr02t6. pdf (accessed 6/23/03). Nationwide data regarding alcohol consumption by 8th and 10th graders was first collected in 1991. 4. L. D. JOHNSTON ET AL. , NAT’L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, MONITORING THE FUTURE, NATIONAL RESULTS ON ADOLESCENT DRUG USE: OVERVIEW OF KEY FINDINGS, 2002, NIH PUB.

NO. 02- 5374 at 47 (2003) [h[hereinafter MTF 2002]In 2002, 12. 4% of 8th graders, 22. 4% of 10th graders, and 28. 6% of 12th graders reported consuming five or more drinks in a row in the previous two weeks. Id. at 48. 5. Id. Also in 2002, 6. 7% of 8th graders, 18. 3% of 10th graders, and 30. 3%